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1 computer-aided programming system
Автоматика: система автоматизированной подготовки УПУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > computer-aided programming system
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2 computer-aided programming system
English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > computer-aided programming system
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3 system
1) система2) установка; устройство•- 2D design system
- 2-D draughting system
- 2D milling CAM system
- 3 nonsimultaneous axes control system
- 3D CAD system
- 3D design system
- 3D milling CAM system
- 3-D surface-modeling system
- 3-D system
- abrasive waterjet cutting system
- absolute control system
- absolute dimension measuring system
- accident-protection system
- accountancy system
- accounting data system
- ACO system
- acoustic feedback control system
- acquisition system
- active enclosure system
- adaptable system
- adaptive CNC system
- adaptive control constraint system
- adaptive control system
- adaptive pulsing system
- adaptive robot system
- add-on NC programming system
- administrative information data system
- administrative information system
- ADR system
- advanced command data system
- advanced data analysis system
- advanced data display system
- advanced display system
- advanced integrated data system
- advanced interactive debugging system
- advanced management information system
- advisory system
- AGV system
- air flotation system
- air-bearing system
- air-cooling system
- air-delivery system
- air-gaging system
- airlock system
- air-oil mist lubrication system
- air-plasma arc-profiling system
- air-purge system
- alarm system
- all-enveloping guard system
- analog computing system
- analog recording system
- angstrom-positioning system
- antideflection system
- antilock brake system
- antisag system
- application-specific system
- APT generating expert system
- Archimedes system
- array system
- AS/RS system
- assembly management system
- assembly system
- attitude display system
- autolube system
- automated communications and messages processing system
- automated design and optimization of control system
- automated design system
- automated digital design system
- automated industrial management system
- automated information data system
- automated information dissemination system
- automated information retrieval system
- automated inventory distribution system
- automated machining system
- automated management information system
- automated management system
- automated measuring system
- automated parts input-output system
- automated reliability and maintenance management system
- automated storage control system
- automatic alignment-and-centering system
- automatic call distribution system
- automatic CAM system
- automatic chuck-changing system
- automatic data acquisition system
- automatic data distribution system
- automatic data system
- automatic diagnostic-and-recovery system
- automatic display plotting system
- automatic distributive numerical control system
- automatic fixturing system
- automatic gaging-and-compensating system
- automatic measurement-and-compensation system
- automatic message accounting system
- automatic message distribution system
- automatic pallet storage/retrieval system
- automatic program transfer system
- automatic record evaluation system
- automatic telemetry system
- automatic test analysis system
- automatic test system
- automatic testing, evaluating and reporting system
- automatic tool cassette changer system
- automatic tool retraction system
- automatic tool retraction/correction/reentry system
- automatic tool wear/tool broken sensing system
- automatically taught system
- automation system
- autonomous system
- autopatch system
- AWS system
- axis drive system
- axis motor system
- axis-stopping system
- backlash-free friction system
- back-to-back system
- balance system
- balanced system of forces
- balanced system
- bar feed system
- bar pulling system
- bar pusher system
- barring coding system
- base coordinate system
- base data system
- base file system
- base operating information system
- basic disk operating system
- basic hole system
- basic input/output system
- basic NC system
- basic programming system
- basic shaft system
- batching system
- batch-machining system
- battery system
- BCC management information system
- beam delivery system
- belt turnover system
- belt twist system
- binary system
- binary vision system
- biped robotic system
- block-tool system
- block-type tool change system
- bonded stores system
- boring system
- bought-in control system
- brake system
- branch information system
- breakaway system
- breathing system
- broad system of ordering
- BTA deep-hole-drilling system
- BTA-style deep-hole-drilling system
- bug-free system
- building block system
- bulk system
- business information system
- buy-and-plug-in system
- C/C system
- cable and hose carrying system
- CAD access system
- CAD system
- CAD/CAM system
- CAD/CAM/CAE and product data management system
- CAD/CAM/CAE system
- CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- CADAR system
- CAD-integrating system
- CAD-only system
- CAE system
- CAE/CAD/CAM system
- CAG system
- CAM system
- cam-and-lever system
- capacitance-based measuring system
- CAPP system
- capture system
- carrierband system
- cart/pallet transfer system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- cassette jaw-change system
- cell control system
- cell management system
- cell-type system
- cellular manufacturing system
- central analog data distributing and controlling system
- central automatic message accounting system
- central storage system
- centralized control system
- centralized coolant and extractor system
- centralized swarf conveying system
- centralized swarf removal system
- chain conveyor system
- check system
- checking system
- checkout system
- chiller system
- chip conveyor system
- chip guard system
- chip-evacuation system
- chuck/chuck jaw changing system
- chucking system
- chuck-jaw system
- chuck-loading system
- CIM system
- circular monitoring system
- circular part-processing system
- circulating lubrication system
- circulating oil system
- circulation system
- clamping system
- closed cooling system
- closed loop control system
- closed loop machine control system
- closed loop size control system
- closed loop system
- closed-proprietary system
- CM system
- CNC hardware system
- CNC machine tool system
- CNC programming system
- CNC system
- CNC transfer system
- CNC-ACC system
- CNC-control system
- coherent system of units
- collecting system
- collet pad top jaw system
- combined cooling system
- combined production system
- command-line NC system
- commercial vision system
- communication system
- companion system
- comprehensive power measurement system
- computer analysis and design system
- computer automation real-time operating system
- computer data communication system
- computer NC system
- computer system
- computer vision system
- computer-aided design support system
- computer-aided dispatch system
- computer-aided gaging system
- computer-aided programming system
- computer-aided telemetry system
- computer-aided test system
- computer-assisted command system
- computer-assisted message processing system
- computer-assisted microfilm retrieval system
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning system
- computer-automated machine-tool system
- computer-automated test system
- computer-based management system
- computer-based message system
- computer-controlled materials-handling system
- computer-controlled system
- computer-coordinated measuring system
- computer-directed swing-arm tool-changing system
- computer-driven control system
- computer-hosted manufacturing system
- computer-integrated manufacturing system
- computer-integrated system
- computerized information retrieval system
- computerized machine control system
- computerized manufacturing system
- computerized numerical control system
- computerized production control system
- computerized shopfloor data collection system
- computer-oriented production management system
- computer-oriented system
- computing system
- concurrent force system
- conductor system
- conservative system
- constant delivery system
- constant volume system
- constant-contact scanning system
- constraint satisfaction system
- continuous feedback control system
- continuous flow system
- continuous-path CNC system
- continuous-path control system
- contouring control system
- contouring system
- controlled path system
- controlling system
- conventional ACC system
- conversational analysis and drafting system
- conveying system
- conveyor system
- conveyoring system
- conveyorized work-handling system
- coolant clarification system
- coolant laundering system
- coolant mist system
- coolant recirculating system
- coolant recovery system
- coolant recycling system
- coolant supply system
- coolant-circulating system
- coolant-thru-body system
- cooling system
- coordinate drive system
- coordinate system
- coprocessor board system
- copymill control system
- corporate information and office system
- coupling system
- CPS system
- CRT control system
- CRT system
- customer-oriented system
- customized FMS control system
- cut-piece transfer system
- cycloidal tooth system
- data base management system
- data communication system
- data control system
- data input management system
- data management system
- data origination system
- data processing system
- data retrieval system
- data transfer system
- datum system for geometrical tolerancing
- datum system
- DDM system
- decentralized DNC system
- decision enabling system
- decision support system
- dedicated production system
- deep-hole-drilling system
- defect-free machining system
- delivery system
- demand pull flexible system
- demand push flexible system
- departmental management system
- descaling system
- design coordinate system
- design support system
- design-automation system
- design-for-manufacturing system
- design-with-feature system
- desk-top publishing system
- deterministic system
- dexel-based system
- diagnostic communication control system
- diagnostic computer control system
- dialog system
- diamond-lapping system
- digital readout system
- digitizing system
- digitizing/data capture system
- dimensional verification system
- direct impingement starting system
- direct lubrication system
- direct NC system
- discrete-continuous system
- dispatcher system
- distributed computer system
- distributed mass-spring system
- distributed microprocessor system
- distributed processing system
- distributed quality system
- distributed system
- distributive numerical control system
- DNC flexible machining system
- DNC machine control system
- DNC machine tool control system
- DNC system
- DNC/FM system
- document processing system
- document retrieval system
- document search system
- domain-expert system
- Doppler system
- DOS CAM system
- double tube system
- dowel pin system
- DRO system
- drop-feed-lubrication system
- DTP system
- dual laser optical system
- dual laser referencing system
- dual system
- dual-beam LDDM system
- dual-pallet shuttle system
- dual-shaft electric propulsion system
- dynamic beam focusing laser system
- dynamic data system
- dynamic mapping system
- early warning system
- eddy current damper system
- edge-sensing system
- edge-type positioning system
- eight-station pallet system
- electrical contact tracing system
- electrofluidic control system
- emergency protection system
- enclosure system
- encoder checking system
- endpoint locating system
- energy-adaptive system
- energy-saving drive system
- engine starting system
- entry-level NC system
- environmental control system
- equivalent rigid link system
- equivalent systems of forces
- ESD system
- estimating system
- example-driven system
- expert control system
- expert process planning system
- expert system
- external box system
- extractor system
- fact retrieval system
- factory automation system
- fault detection system
- fault-signal system
- FBG system
- feasibility routing system
- feature-based CAM system
- feature-based system
- feed system
- feedback control system
- feedback gaging system
- feedback position control system
- feedback system
- feed-drive system
- feedforward compensatory control system
- feed-only AC system
- feed-overriding system
- FFS system
- file control system
- finite capacity scheduling system
- fixed coordinate system
- fixed-feature NC system
- fixed-rail system
- fixture design system
- fixture system
- fixturing system
- flanged pipe system
- flexible assembly system
- flexible automated manufacturing system
- flexible automation system
- flexible computer-controlled robotic system
- flexible fabricating system
- flexible fixturing system
- flexible handling system
- flexible laser optical system
- flexible laser system
- flexible lathe system
- flexible machine system
- flexible machining center system
- flexible machining system
- flexible manufacturing system
- flexible NC system
- flexible press system
- flexible tooling system
- flexible transfer system
- flexible turning system
- flood coolant system
- flow-line production system
- flow-type manufacturing system
- fluid management system
- fluid power system
- flush-type cooling system
- fly system
- FMS operating system
- FMS/CAD/CAM system
- FMS-type production system
- force measurement system
- force sensory system
- force system
- force-sensing system
- forecasting system
- four-station pallet system
- four-tier quality system
- FROG navigation system
- FROG system
- full-blown system
- fully specified system
- gage system
- gaging computer system
- gaging-and-compensating system
- gantry loading system
- gantry-based turning system
- gantry-style motion system
- gas-turbine starting system
- gating system
- gear roller system
- gear system
- gear testing system
- general information retrieval system
- generative planning system
- generic control system
- generic messaging system
- generic system
- glass fiber system
- glazing system
- goal-seeking system
- graphic numerical control system
- graphic processing system
- graphics system
- graphics-oriented system
- grating measuring system
- gravity oil system
- gray scale imaging system
- grinder vision system
- group control system
- guarding system
- guidance system
- guiding system
- handling system
- handwriting-input system
- hard-automated system
- hardware NC system
- hardware support system
- head change system
- head changer system
- head-changing flexible manufacturing system
- help system
- hierarchical coding system
- hierarchical control system
- hierarchical information control system
- high-noise-immunity system
- high-rise system
- high-speed positioning system
- high-speed-processor control system
- high-volume system
- Hirth gear-tooth system
- holding system
- holding tool system
- hole system
- holonomic system
- host computer-assisted programming system
- host distributive numerical control system
- hybrid computing system
- hydraulic oil system
- hydraulic system
- hydraulic-circuit system
- hypertext system
- ID system
- IDNC system
- illumination system
- image detection system
- image processing system
- imaging system
- IMC system
- immersion-washing system
- inconsistent system of equations
- incremental measuring system
- index system
- indirect lubrication system
- individual lubrication system
- inductive telemetry system
- inductively guided cart system
- industrial vision system
- in-feed system
- inference system
- in-floor chip-disposal system
- information infrastructure system
- information logical system
- information processing system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information system
- information-gathering system
- information-management system
- information-sharing system
- infrared imaging system
- infrared system
- in-house minicomputer system
- in-house system
- inlet control system
- in-process gaging system
- in-process sensing system
- in-process storage system
- insert-selection system
- instrumentation system
- insulating system
- integral movement monitoring system
- integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- integrated CAM system
- integrated circuit numerical control system
- integrated computer system
- integrated information system
- integrated machine system
- integrated machining system
- integrated manufacturing and assembly system
- integrated manufacturing system
- integrated NC machine system
- integrated production system
- integrated sensor system
- intelligent control system
- interactive control system
- interactive graphics processing system
- interactive manufacturing control system
- interconnection system
- interdepartmental communication system
- interferometer measuring system
- interlocking system
- interrupt-driven system
- inventory-management system
- involute tooth system
- IR fault-signal system
- IR system
- ISO system of limits and tolerances
- isolated word recognition system
- jig boring measuring system
- job shop-type flexible system
- joint-actuation system
- just-in-time production system
- kanban pull system
- kinetic control system
- kitting system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based information system
- knowledge-based system
- krypton laser system
- labeling system
- labor-intensive system
- language-based NC system
- laser beam orientation system
- laser beam positioning system
- laser calibration system
- laser combination energy system
- laser digitizing system
- laser driving system
- laser full automated system
- laser inspection system
- laser interferometer measuring system
- laser machining system
- laser metalworking system
- laser micrometer system
- laser monitoring system
- laser mount system
- laser optical transformation system
- laser pulse power system
- laser pump system
- laser referencing system
- laser thread measurement system
- laser transducer system
- laser-cutting system
- laser-gaging system
- layered control system
- LDDM system
- lead screw drive system
- learning system
- library reference system
- library system
- light guide system
- light recognition system
- line motion control system
- line motion system
- line path system
- linear index system
- linear system of constant coefficients
- linear time invariant system
- linear time-varying system
- linear-encoder-equipped system
- LMFC system
- load/unload system
- loading robot system
- load-monitoring system
- local communications system
- logistics system
- look-up table system
- low-loss optical system
- low-volume lubricant delivery system
- lube system
- lubrication system with continuous delivery
- lubrication system with cyclic delivery
- lubrication system with performance control
- lubrication system without performance control
- lubrication system
- M system
- machine control system
- machine coordinate system
- machine health-monitoring system
- machine management system
- machine surveillance system
- machine tool capability-conditioning system
- machine tool system
- machine vision system
- machine/control system
- machine/tool/workpiece system
- machine-flexible system
- machine-zero reference system
- machining-cell system
- magnetic control system
- magnetic shaft suspension system
- main control system
- maintenance tracking system
- make-up system
- management control system
- management information system
- management system
- management-and-manufacturing system
- managerial reporting system
- man-computer system
- man-machine system
- man-plus-machine system
- manual data input system
- manual programming system
- manufacturing execution system
- manufacturing optimization system
- manufacturing software system
- manufacturing system
- many-degrees-of-freedom system
- many-variable system
- mass-elastic system
- master manufacturing control system
- master-slave control system
- material flow system
- material movement system
- material storage system
- materials-handling control system
- materials-handling system
- matrix array system
- matrix-type system
- MDI contouring control system
- MDI control system
- MDI NC system
- mean line system
- measurement/inspection system
- measuring coordinate system
- measuring system
- measuring/compensation system
- mechanical interface coordinate system
- memory NC system
- memory system
- menu drive system
- menu system
- menu-driven programming system
- metalforming production system with robots
- metalworking laser system
- metamorphic system
- metareasoning system
- metering system
- metrology system
- MIC system
- micro CAD/CAM programming system
- microadjustment system
- microchip-managed control system
- microdispensing system
- microintegrated system
- microload system
- micropackaged distributed system
- microprocessor based system
- microprocessor CNC system
- microprocessor system
- microprocessor-development system
- microstep control system
- microwave drill detection system
- milling CAM system
- milling system
- minicomputer-based numerical control system
- minicomputer-based system
- minicomputer-based test system
- miniload automated storage and retrieval system
- miniload system
- minimal constraint system
- minimum phase shift system
- mist-cooling system
- mixed forging-machining system
- mobility system
- model reference adaptive system
- moderately sized manufacturing system
- modular clamping system
- modular component tooling system
- modular fixture system
- modular holding system
- modular system
- modular tooling system
- modular work holding system
- monitoring system
- monorail material handling system
- motor position sensing system
- mounting system
- MPM system
- MRC system
- MRP system
- MS-DOS system
- multiaxis laser system
- multimachine system
- multimedia system
- multinetwork system
- multipallet system
- multiple computer system
- multiple laser technology system
- multiple pallet changer system
- multiple pallet handling system
- multiple parts feeding system
- multiple sensory system
- multiple spindle head handling-and-changing system
- multiple system of indexing
- multiple-gun spraying system
- multipoint lubrication system
- multipoint network control system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor NC system
- multiprocessor system
- multiproduct manufacturing system
- multiprofile tool system
- multiprogramming system
- multirobot system
- multisensor system
- multiserver queueing system
- multistage system
- multitasking control system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser system
- multivendor information system
- multiwindowing software system
- Nagare system
- narrowly defined expert system
- national information system
- navigation system
- NC contouring system
- NC machine system
- NC part-programming system
- NC system
- NC tooling system
- NC/TP system
- nesting system
- network computer system
- network switching system
- network system
- noise diagnostic system
- noncircular copy-turning system
- noncompensated system
- noncontact laser marking system
- noncontact microwave system
- nonexpert system
- non-NC system
- numerical computer control system
- numerical contour control system
- numerical control system
- numerically controlled tool point system
- object-oriented system
- office system
- office-based programming system
- off-line adviser-type expert system
- off-line programming system
- off-line system
- off-the-shelf system
- oil mist system
- oil scavenge system
- oil system
- oil wash system
- oil-recirculating system
- oligarchical manufacturing system
- OLP system
- one man/one machine system
- one man-one operation-one job system
- one-machine flexible system
- one-piece tape spar-measuring system
- one-shot lubrication system
- on-line information system
- on-line process system
- on-line retrieval system
- on-line system
- on-line tool control system
- on-machine gaging system
- on-machine probing system
- on-off control system
- open architecture system
- open cooling system
- open system
- open-front system
- open-loop control system
- operating system
- operational system
- operator guidance system
- operator-controlled NC system
- optical detection system
- optical laser ranging system
- optical MAP system
- optical measurement/inspection system
- optical recognition system
- optical system for laser processing
- optical tracer backup system
- optical transmission system
- opti-feed system
- optimal-position control system
- order-driven system
- order-entry system
- order-picking system
- oscillating system
- oscillatory system
- out-feed system
- output collecting system
- overall system
- p.-t.-p. NC system
- package confinement system
- paging system
- pallet conveyor system
- pallet gripper system
- pallet ID system
- pallet storage system
- pallet storage/changer system
- pallet/platen transfer system
- pallet/robot flexible-machining system
- pallet-based materials handling system
- pallet-based system
- pallet-changer system
- pallet-coding system
- pallet-handling system
- palletized tool magazine system
- pallet-loading system
- pallet-moving system
- pallet-shuttle change system
- pallet-transfer system
- pallet-transport system
- paperless NC system
- parallel force system
- parallel lubrication system
- parametric CNC system
- part flow system
- part handling-and-storage system
- part program-editing system
- part queue system
- part-conveying system
- partial laser system
- part-programming system
- part-retrieval system
- passively mode-locked laser system
- path control system of a machine
- path control system
- pattern recognition system
- pattern tracing system
- pattern-directed system
- PC system
- PC-based CAD system
- PC-based vision system
- pendant-mounted CNC system
- perceptual system
- permanent electro system
- personal computer-based robotic vision system
- phase switching control system
- photogrammetric vision system
- photooptic tracing system
- photooptical tracing system
- piece rate system
- plane system of forces
- planner-oriented system
- plant-integration system
- platen system
- platform-independent CAM system
- playback system
- plugboard control system
- plugboard programming system
- point-to-point system
- popular laser system
- position control system
- positioning control system
- postprocess inspection system
- postprocess system
- postprocess-feedback gaging system
- potentiometer-setting system
- power generating system
- power system
- powered clamping system
- powered track system
- powerful robot system
- precision positioning system
- predictive machinability system
- predictive maintenance system
- pre-emptive system
- pregaging system
- preload system
- preset tooling system
- presetting system
- prismatic flexible manufacturing system
- prismatic machining system
- probe communication system
- problem-oriented information system
- process planning system
- process-flexible system
- production control system
- production expert system
- production-monitoring system
- productions system
- product-testing system
- programmable automation system
- programmable control system
- programmable logic control system
- programmable power monitoring system
- programmed sequence control system
- programming system
- proof-of-concept system
- proprietary NC system
- propulsion system
- propulsive system
- protection system
- prototype system
- prototyping system
- pull system of production
- pull system
- punch tape NC system
- purpose-made materials feeding system
- push system
- qualitative system
- quality control system
- quality system
- quantity produced systems
- question-and-answer system
- question-answering system
- queuing system
- quick-change system
- quick-change workpiece-fixturing system
- quick-change-cutter system
- rack system
- rack-picking system
- rail-borne robotic handling system
- rail-guided transport system
- random mission system
- random mix system
- random order system
- ranging system
- readout system
- ready-to-go system
- real-time vision system
- recirculation system
- rectangular coordinate system
- rectangular triordinate system
- reeving system
- reference retrieval system
- reference system
- reflecting high-power beam optical system
- register system
- registration system
- relay ladder logic system
- reporting system
- reprographic system
- resolver system
- restraint system
- RETIC system
- retrieval system
- retrofit system
- return spring system
- RGV pallet delivery system
- rigid track workpiece transport system
- rigid transfer system
- robot control system
- robot gantry storage-and-retrieval system
- robot learning system
- robot parts-handling system
- robot system
- robot teaching system
- robot tool changing system
- robot-based turning system
- robotic system
- robotic vision system
- robotics CAD system
- robotized metalforming system
- robot-like inspection system
- robot-measuring system
- rod memory system
- roller system
- roll-generating system
- rotary transfer system
- rotary-type tool-mounting system
- rotational system
- routing-flexible system
- rule-based expert system
- running fail-safe system
- running system
- run-time system
- safety actuation system
- safety system
- scale back system
- seam tracking laser processing system
- seam-tracking system
- security system
- selective assembly system
- selective control system
- self-adapting system
- self-contained starting system
- self-contained system
- self-monitoring measuring system
- self-optimizing adaptive control system
- self-programming NC system
- self-teaching system
- self-test system
- sensing system
- sensor system
- sensor-based system
- sensory control system
- sensory feedback system
- sensory interactive system
- sensory-processing system
- sentence recognition system
- sequencing control system
- sequential control system
- series lubrication system
- service system
- servo control system
- servo drive system
- servo positioning system
- servo transducer system
- servo-controlled blade-feed-pressure system
- setting system
- SFP system
- shaft system
- shared tools system
- shopfloor communication message system
- shopfloor part-programming system
- shopfloor programming system
- shopfloor-programming control system
- short-closed oil system
- shuttle car system
- shuttle system
- shuttle-type container system
- side-loading pallet system
- sign system
- signature-analysis system
- silhouetting system
- single system
- single-board computer system
- single-cell system
- single-line lubrication system
- single-point lubrication system
- single-stage system
- single-tube system
- single-unit machining system
- single-variable system
- sinking system
- six-station pallet system
- size-monitoring system
- skidless system
- skid-type system
- small knowledge system
- small scale system
- small-batch manufacturing system
- sociotechnical system
- software-based system
- software-operating system
- solid model CAD system
- solid modeling system
- solids-based system
- sonic digitizing system
- space-monitoring sensor system
- special-purpose CNC system
- special-purpose material handling system
- speech-understanding system
- spindle airblast system
- spindle-probe system
- splash lubrication system
- split-type of tooling system
- spray lubrication system
- sprocket-chain system
- stabilization system
- stabilizing system
- stacking system
- stand-alone system
- standard control system
- standard unit system
- starting system
- statistical process control system
- steady-state system
- stepping motor drive system
- stocker system
- stocking system
- stop-bolt locking system
- storage system
- storage-and-retrieval system
- storage-retrieval system
- straight cut control system
- straight-line control system
- stress calculations infinite element system
- structurally stable system
- structurally unstable system
- stub-tooth system
- subloop system
- supervision system
- supervisory computer control system
- supervisory control system
- surface-measurement system
- surveillance system
- suspension system
- swarf conveyance system
- swarf-management system
- swarf-removal system
- switching system
- synthetic vision system
- system of dimensioning
- system of forces
- system of limits and fits
- system of quantities
- system of the machine retaining devices
- system of units
- tactile sensing system
- tailored NC system
- tailor-made system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- teach system
- teachable-logic control system
- teaching system
- teach-mode programming system
- technology-intensive system
- telecommunication system
- telemetry gage system
- telemetry system
- teleoperated system
- telepresence system
- telerobotic system
- ten-station pallet system
- term system
- test system
- testing system
- text organizing system
- thermal control system
- thermal enclosure system
- thermal propulsion system
- thread measurement system
- thread measuring system
- three-dimensional CAM system
- three-dimensional coordinate system
- three-wire thread measuring system
- through feed system
- through-the-tool system
- time control system
- time cycle system
- time-shared system
- time-sharing NC programming system
- time-sharing system
- tool animation system
- tool breakage prevention system
- tool change system
- tool condition monitoring system
- tool coolant system
- tool deflection calibration system
- tool identification tag system
- tool life control system
- tool life management system
- tool magazine exchanger system
- tool management system
- tool position-compensating system
- tool shank cleaning system
- tool storage and transport system
- tool storage/management system
- tool-associated system
- tool-clamp system
- tool-holder-work system
- tool-ID system
- tooling AGV system
- tooling system
- tool-in-hand system
- tool-in-use system
- tool-machine system
- tool-monitoring system
- tool-mounting system
- tool-presetting system
- tool-probing system
- tool-to-turret connection system
- tool-transfer system
- torque-monitoring system
- total system
- total-loss lubrication system
- touch-probe digitizer system
- touch-probe digitizing system
- touch-probe system
- towline cart system
- towline conveyor system
- towline handling system
- towline material handling system
- towline transfer system
- tracer control system
- tracing system
- track system
- tracking/scheduling system
- track-monitoring system
- transfer system
- translating system
- transmission system
- transporter system
- traverse-metering system
- tray-type transfer system
- triangulation system
- tribomechanical system
- tri-level stocker system
- triordinate system
- trolley control system
- trouble-free control system
- T-slot system
- tuned system
- turning system
- turning-and-chucking system
- turnkey computer control system
- turnkey system
- turret probing system
- turret tooling system
- two-line lubrication system
- two-machine system
- two-pallet exchange system
- two-shift system
- two-tier inspection system
- unattended machining system
- unattended production system
- uncertain system
- unified system
- unit bore system
- unit system
- unit-build system
- unit-load automated storage and retrieval system
- unit-load system
- UNIX-based 32-bit computer system
- unmonitored control system
- unstable system
- user identification system
- user's CAD system
- V coding system
- vacuum system
- variable pallet system
- variable-coefficient system
- variable-gain ACC system
- variable-mission system
- versatile data acquisition system
- vertical carousel system
- vertical rotating warehouse system
- vibration system
- vibratory system
- video measuring system
- video-based measurement system
- viewing system
- virtual design system
- virtual storage system
- vision guidance system
- vision metrology system
- vision optical system
- vision sensor system
- vision system
- vision tool-presetting system
- vision-based inspection system
- vision-based system
- visual computing system
- visual inspection system
- VME-based system
- voice data entry system
- voice system
- voice-input system
- volume-flexible system
- volume-metric lubrication system
- voluntary standards system
- warehousing system
- warning protection system
- warning system
- wash system
- waste material treatment system
- watchdog system
- waterjet system
- way-lubrication system
- wedge-locked tool clamping system
- wheelhead-measuring system
- windowing system
- wire-cut system
- wire-frame CAD system
- wire-guided transport system
- wire-guided trolley routing system
- word recognition system
- work infeed system
- work transfer system
- work transport system
- workhandling system
- work-holding system
- workpiece-cleaning system
- workstation-oriented CNC system
- zero error position systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system
-
4 computer
вычислительная машина, ЭВМ, компьютер, вычислительное устройство, вычислитель
– computer aids
– computer configuration
– computer console
– computer control
– computer control system
– computer drafting
– computer experiment
– computer family
– computer graphics
– computer graphics language
– computer language
– computer limitation
– computer line
– computer logic
– computer manager
– computer model
– computer network
– computer networking
– computer numerical control
– computer program
– computer programming
– computer room
– computer science
– computer servosystem
– computer simulation
– computer skills
– computer system
– computer technology
– computer time
– computer tools
– computer translation
– computer vision
– computer vision system
– computer word
– computer-aided
– computer-aided design
– computer-aided design center
– computer-aided drafting
– computer-aided engineering
– computer-aided manufacturing
– computer-aided programming
– computer-aided system
– computer-aided testing
– computer-assisted
– computer-assisted management
– computer-assisted robot
– computer-based
– computer-based controller
– computer-controlled
– computer-controlled automation
– computer-controlled drive
– computer-controlled manufacturing
– computer-controlled robot
– computer-dependent language
– computer-embedded
– computer-generated
– computer-generated data
– computer-independent language
– computer-integrated
– computer-integrated design
– computer-integrated factory
– computer-integrated production
– computer-intensive
– computer-mediated
– computer-oriented
– computer-process interface
-
5 system
1) система || системный2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс3) программа•- adaptive control system
- address selection system
- addressing system
- advice-giving system
- AI planning system
- AI system
- analog computing system
- analog-digital computing system
- analysis information system
- application system
- arabic number system
- arithmetic system
- assembly system
- asymmetrical system
- atomic system
- attached processor system
- audio system
- authoring system
- automated office system
- automatic block system
- automatic checkout system
- automatic control system
- automatic search system
- automatic test system
- automatically programmed system
- automatically taught system
- autoprogrammable system
- axiomatic system
- backup system
- bad system
- bang-bang system
- base-2 system
- basic system
- batch-processing system
- binary system
- binary-coded decimal system
- binary-number system
- biquinary system
- bit-mapped system
- bit-slice system
- black-board expert system
- block parity system
- buddy system
- business system
- bus-oriented system
- bussed system
- CAD system
- call-reply system
- carrier system
- cause-controlled system
- character recognition system
- character-reading system
- chargeback system
- check sum error-detecting system
- chip-layout system
- clock system
- closed loop system
- closed system
- co-authoring system
- code recognition system
- code system
- coded-decimal system
- code-dependent system
- code-insensitive system
- code-sensitive system
- code-transparent system
- coding system
- coincident selection system
- cold system
- color-coded system
- command system
- common-bus system
- communication data system
- communications-oriented system
- complete articulated system
- computer system
- computer-aided design system
- computer-aided system
- computer-based system
- computer-based weapon system
- computerized system
- computing system
- concatenated coding system
- concealment system
- conservative system
- contention system
- continuous presence system
- control system
- controlled system
- controlling system
- coordinate system
- cordonnier system
- costrained vision system
- cross system
- crossbar switch system
- data acquisition system
- data collection system
- data exchange system
- data flow system
- data gethering system
- data handling system
- data management system
- data preparation system
- data processing system
- data reduction system
- data retrieval system
- data storage system
- data system
- data transmission system
- database management system
- database support system
- data-managed system
- decimal number system
- decimal system
- decimal numeration system
- decision support system
- decision-aided system
- decision-making system
- decision-support system
- decision-taking system
- decoding selection system
- decomposable system
- dedicated system
- degenerate system
- design library support system
- design-automation system
- design-verification system
- development support system
- development system
- digital communication system
- digital computing system
- direct-current system
- directly coupled system
- discrete system
- discrete-continuous system
- disk operating system
- display system
- distributed database management system
- distributed function system
- distributed intelligence system
- distributed parameter system
- distributed system
- distribution system
- double intermediate tape system
- down system
- drafting system
- dual system
- dual-computer system
- dual-processor system
- duodecimal number system
- duodecimal system
- duotricenary number system
- duotricenary system
- duplexed computer system
- duplex computer system
- dyadic number system
- dyadic system
- dynamic mapping system
- dynamic scene system
- dynamic support system
- electronic data processing system
- electronic sorting system
- encoding system
- equipment adapted data system
- erasing system
- error-controlled system
- error-correcting system
- error-detecting system
- executive file-control system
- executive system
- expert control system
- expert support system
- expert system
- expert-planning system
- externally pulsed system
- fail-safe system
- fail-soft system
- fan-out system
- fault-tolerant system
- feasible system
- federated system
- feed system
- feedback system
- feedforward control system
- fiche retrieval system
- file control system
- file system
- fixed-lenght record system
- fixed-point system
- fixed-radix numeration system
- floating-point system
- fluid transport system
- follow-up system
- forgiving system
- front-end system
- fuzzy expert system
- generic expert system
- geographically distributed system
- goal-seeking system
- good system
- graceful degradation system
- graphic data system
- graphics display system
- graphics system
- help system
- heterogeneous system
- hexadecimal number system
- hexadecimal system - host system
- hostless system
- host-satellite system
- human visual system
- hunting system
- hypermedia system
- imaging system
- incremental system
- independent system
- indirectly coupled system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information retrieval system
- information handling system
- information management system
- information processing system
- information system
- information-feedback system
- in-plant system
- input/output control system
- instruction system
- instrumentation management system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- interactive control system
- interactive system
- intercommunicating system
- interlock system
- internal number system
- internal system
- Internet-enabled system
- interrupt system
- isolated system
- kernel system
- key-to-disk/tape system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based system
- large-scale computing system
- laser communication system
- layered control system - lexicon-driven system
- library reference system
- local-network system
- long-haul system
- lumped-parameter system
- machine tool control system
- machine-limited system
- machine-oriented programming system
- macroinstruction system
- macro system
- magnetic memory system
- magnetic recording system
- magnetic tape plotting system
- mail message system
- mail system
- mailbox system
- management information system
- man-machine system
- mapping system
- map-reading system
- mass memory system
- mass storage system
- master/slave system
- matrix memory system
- memory driver system
- memory system
- message handling system
- message system
- microcomputer system
- microfilm printing system
- midsplit system
- MIMO system
- mixed-base numbering system
- mixed-base number system
- mixed-radix numeration system
- model-based expert system
- modular system
- monitoring system
- monitor system
- mosaic system - multicomputer system
- multidimensional system
- multifrequency system
- multilevel storage system
- multiloop system
- multimaster communication system
- multimicroprocessor system
- multiple computation system
- multiple-bus system
- multiple-coincident magnetic storage system
- multiple-output control system
- multiplex system
- multiport system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor system
- multiprogramming computer system
- multiprogramming system
- multisite system
- multispeaker system
- multistable system
- multitasking operating system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser computer system
- multiuser system
- multiuser operating system
- multivariable system
- multivariate system
- negative-base number representation system
- negative-base number system
- network operating system
- node-replicated system
- noncomputerized system
- nonconsistently based number system
- nondegenerate system
- number representation system
- numbering system
- number system
- numeral system
- numeration system
- numerical system
- octal number system
- octal system
- office automation system
- off-line system
- on-demand system
- one-level storage system
- one-loop system
- one-over-one address system
- on-line system
- open-ended system
- open system
- open-loop system
- operating system
- operational system
- optical memory system
- overdetermined system
- overload-hold system
- page-on-demand system
- panelboard system
- paper-tape system
- parameter-driven expert system
- pattern recognition system
- peek-a-boo system
- peripheral system
- pipeline system
- polled system
- polymorphic system
- polyphase system
- portable system
- positional representation system
- Post-production system
- priority scheduling system
- priority system
- procedural expert system
- process control system
- processor-sharing system
- production control system
- production system
- program system
- programming system
- protection system
- pulse system
- pulse-or-no-pulse system
- pulse-signal system
- punch card computer system
- pure-binary numeration system
- purposeful system
- quadruplex system
- question-answering system
- queueing system
- queue system
- radix numbering system
- radix number system
- reactive system
- reading system
- real-time expert system
- real-time operating system
- real-time system
- reasoning system
- recognition system
- recording system
- recovery system
- reduntant number system
- reduntant system
- reflected binary number system
- reflected binary system
- refreshment system
- remote-access system
- replicating system
- representation system
- request-repeat system
- rerecording system
- residue number system
- residue system
- resource-sharing system
- restorable system
- retrieval system
- retrieval-only system - robotic system
- robot system
- rule-based expert system
- rule-based system
- scalable system
- selection system
- self-adapting system
- self-adjusting system
- self-aligning system
- self-balancing system
- self-check system
- self-contained system
- self-correcting system
- self-descriptive system
- self-learning system
- self-organizing system
- self-sustained oscillation system
- self-test system
- sensor-based system
- sequential scheduling system
- sexadecimal number system
- sexadecimal system
- shared-files system
- shell expert system
- silicon-development system
- simplex system
- single-drive system
- single-inheritance system
- single-phase clock system
- single-site system
- single-user computer system
- SISO system
- skeletal expert system
- slave system
- soft-sectored disk system
- software system
- sound system
- source code control system
- source-destination system
- space-division system
- stabilizing system
- stable system
- stand-alone system
- start-stop system
- state-determined system
- stepped start-stop system
- stereo system
- stochastically disturbed system
- storage system
- stripped-down expert system
- subsplit system
- supervisor control system
- switching system
- symbolic assembly system
- syntactical system
- system explanation system
- system of logic
- system of notation
- system with delay
- system with time lag
- tabulating system
- tape data processing system
- tape drive system
- tape handling system
- tape operating system
- tape plotting system
- tape resident system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- taught system
- telecommunictions system
- telecontrol system
- terminal system
- ternary number system
- ternary system
- test system
- testbed system
- text-to-speech system
- time-division system
- time-pattern control system
- time-shared system
- time-shared-bus system
- time-sharing system
- timing system
- total system
- translating system
- translation system
- translator writing system
- transmitting system
- tree-structured system
- trusted computer system
- two-failure mode system
- two-level return system
- two-level system
- two-phase clock system
- ultrastable system
- Unified system
- uninterruptible power system
- uniprocessor system
- unrestorable system
- unstable system
- up system
- variable-lenght record system
- virtual system
- virtual-memory operating system
- vision system
- visual system
- voice/audio processing system
- voice-response system
- volunteer system
- weighted number system
- weighted system
- writing system
- xerox copy system
- zero-one systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > system
-
6 system
[ˈsɪstɪm]accept system система акцептования accounting information system вчт. бухгалтерская информационная система accounting system система бухгалтерского учета accounting system система счетов adaptive system вчт. адаптивная система administrative system административная система alarm system система сигнализации analysis system система анализа application visualization system вчт. прикладная система изображения asset quality rating system система квалификации активов asymptotically stable system асимптотически устойчивая система automated control system асу, автоматизированная система управления axiomatic system аксиоматическая система backup system вчт. дублирующая система banking system банковская система belief system система доверия bicameral system двухпалатная система bicameral system парл. двухпалатная система bipartite system парл. двухпартийная система block system =blocking bonus system премиальная система buddy system метод близнецов bulk-service system система с групповым обслуживанием business system экономическая система cad system вчт. система автоматизированного проектирования call-reply system вчт. запрсно-ответная система certification system система сертификации closed queueing system замкнутая система массового обслуживания closed system замкнутая система code-dependent system вчт. система зависящая от данных code-independent system вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-insensitive system вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-sensitive system вчт. система зависящая от данных code-transparent system вчт. система не зависящая от данных coinage system монетная система column system система бухгалтерского учета по колонкам commission system система комиссионных вознаграждений computer system вычислительная система computer system вчт. вычислительная система computer system вычислительный комплекс computer system система вычислительных машин computer-aided control system автоматизированная система управления computer-to-plate system система создания печатных форм на компьютере computerized information system информационная система на базе ЭВМ concealment system система маскировки concession system система концессий constrained system вчт. система с ограничениями consulting system вчт. консультирующая система control system система управления control system вчт. система управления cooperative system система кооперации cooptation system система кооптации costing system система калькуляции себестоимости court system судебная система, система судопроизводства credit system кредитная система criminal reestablishment system система восстановления личности преступника crisis alert system система предупреждения о кризисе cross system вчт. кросс-система cyclical response system вчт. система циклических реакций data base management system вчт. система управления базой данных data handling system вчт. система обработки данных data processing system вчт. система обработки данных data system вчт. информационная система database system вчт. система баз данных decimal system десятичная система dedicated system специализированная система deductive system дедуктивная система delay system система с ожиданием desktop system система непосредственного взаимодействия direct debit system система прямого дебета direct system целевая система directional system система управления disk operating system вчт. дисковая операционная система, ДОС distributed file system вчт. распределенная файловая система distributed system вчт. распределенная система distribution system система распределения distributive system распределительная система DP system (data processing system) система обработки данных dynamic system динамическая система educational system система образования educational system система обучения election system избирательная система electronic book-entry system вчт. электронная система бухгалтерского учета electronic full-page makeup system вчт. электронная система верстки полос enclave system анклавная группа; полузащищенная группа (работающих под специальным наблюдением в обычных рабочих условиях инвалидов) equilibrium system равновесная система evolutionary system развиваемая система executive system вчт. операционная система expand a system вчт. расширять комплект оборудования системы expert system вчт. экспертная система explanatory system вчт. система объяснений fail-soft system вчт. система с амортизацией отказов federal system федеральная система fee system система вознаграждений feedback system система с обратной связью file system вчт. файловая система filing system система регистрации документов filing system система хранения документов financial system финансовая система fiscal system система финансов fixed price system система с фиксированной ценой flat-rate guarantee system система гарантий с фиксированной ставкой formal system формальная система fractional reserve system система частичных резервов frame system вчт. система фреймов functional information system вчт. функциональный информационная система giro system система жиросчетов governmental system правительственная система grading system система сортировки guarantee system система гарантий guidance system вчт. система -путеводитель hard disk system вчт. система с жестким диском help system вчт. справочник hire system =hire-purchase historical cost system выч. калькуляция на основе фактических издержек производства homogeneous system однородная система host system вчт. базисная система host system вчт. централизованная система imprest system система авансирования imputation system система условного начисления indexing system система индексации inductive system вчт. индуктивная система information system вчт. информационная система instruction system вчт. обучающая система integrated system вчт. интегрированная система intelligent system вчт. интеллектуальная система interactive system вчт. диалоговая система interactive system вчт. интерактивная система interest system система ставок процента international monetary system международная валютная система judicial system система судебных органов judicial system судебная система, система судебных органов judicial system судебная система jury system система суда присяжных knowledge base management system вчт. система управления базой знаний knowledge representation system вчт. система представления знаний land registration system система регистрации земельного участка learning system вчт. самообучаемая система licensing system система лицензирования linear programming system система линейного программирования linear system линейная система loadable system вчт. загружаемая система loan limit system система предельных размеров кредита loose-leaf system полигр. издание с отрывными или вкладными листами loss system система с потерями mail system вчт. электронная почта management information system (MIS) управленческая информационная система manual system система ручного управления many-server system вчт. многоканальная система mapped system вчт. система с управлением памятью market system рыночная система market system рыночная экономика market system страна с рыночной экономикой marketing information system система маркетинговой информации markov system марковская система markovian system марковская система master-slave system несимметричная система match system система выравнивания курсов militia system система милиции minimum price system система минимальных цен minimum wage system система минимальной заработной платы ministerial system правительственная система mixed price system смешанная ценовая система mixed system смешанная система modeless system вчт. система с однородным интерфейсом monetary system денежная система monetary system финансовая система monitoring system система мониторинга monitoring system система текущего контроля multi-user system вчт. многопользовательская система multiprocessing system вчт. многопроцессорная система multiprogramming system вчт. система, работающая в мультипрограммном режиме multiserver system вчт. многоканальная система multistation system вчт. многопунктовая система multitasking system вчт. многозадачная система multiuser system система коллективного пользования multivariable system вчт. многомерная система municipal system муниципальная система non-markovian system вчт. немарковская система nonstop system вчт. безостановочный компьютер normative system нормативная система number system система счисления numeration system система счисления off-line system вчт. автономная система on-demand system вчт. система без ожидания on-line system вчт. неавтономная система on-line system вчт. система, работающая в реальном масштабе времени on-line system вчт. система реального времени one-party system однопартийная система open learning system гибкая система обучения open system вчт. открытая система open-item system система с незакрытыми статьями баланса operating system действующая система operating system вчт. операционная система organized banking system организованная банковская система page system вчт. страничная система parliamentary system парламентская система partial cost system система калькуляции издержек производства с использованием нормативов party system партийная система patent system система патентования pay-as-you-go system система выплаты выходных пособий при увольнении payments system система платежей penal system пенитенциарная система periodic reordering system вчт. система с периодической подачей заказов pilot system вчт. прототип системы system система, устройство; political system государственный строй portable system вчт. мобильная система preferential system система преференций premium system премиальная система price control system система регулирования цен price support system система гарантирования цен price system система цен priority system вчт. система приоритетов priority system вчт. система с приоритетами probabilistic system вероятностная система process cost system система исчисления производственных издержек production system продукционная система productions system система продукций program development system вчт. система разработки программ programming system вчт. система программирования progressive taxation system система прогрессивного налогообложения proportional taxation system система пропорционального налогообложения protection system вчт. система защиты prototyping system макет системы public health system система здравоохранения quality system система критериев качества quality system система проверки качества quata system система квот question-answering system вчт. вопросно-ответная система queueing system система массового обслуживания queueing system вчт. система массового обслуживания quota system система иммиграционных квот quota system система квот quota system система контингентов real time system вчт. система реального времени reasoning system вчт. разумная система redundant system вчт. избыточная система reliable system надежная система report system система отчетности reporting system система отчетности reporting system система сбора информации reporting system система учета representation system система представления reservation system система резервирования resident system вчт. резидентная система retrieval system док. система внесения исправлений retrieval system вчт. система поиска revision control system вчт. система управления версиями risk control system система контроля рисков salary adjustment system система регулирования заработной платы salary system система заработной платы scalable system вчт. расширяемая система school system школьная система segment system вчт. система с сегментной организацией self-assessment tax system система самообложения налогом self-contained system замкнутая система serving system вчт. система обслуживания setting up the system вчт. начальная установка системы short-term support system система краткосрочной поддержки simulation system имитационная система single-channel system вчт. одноканальная система single-server system вчт. одноканальная система slave system подчиненная система stable system устойчивая система standard pay system система нормативной заработной платы standby system резервная система static-priority system вчт. система со статическими приоритетами stationary system стационарная система stochastic system стохастическая система support system вчт. исполняющая система system метод system мир, вселенная system организм system сеть (дорог и т. п.) system геол. система, формация system система, устройство; political system государственный строй system система, устройство system система, метод system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? system comp. система system устройство system for medium-term financial assistance программа среднесрочной финансовой помощи system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? system of commands система команд system of deductions система выводов system of financial contributions система финансовых взносов system of import control система контроля за импортом system of monitoring balance sheet growth система контроля за ростом статей баланса system of reimbursement система возмещения расходов system of remuneration система вознаграждения system of state государственное устройство system of taxation система налогообложения target system вчт. целевая система tax system налоговая система tax-at-source system система удержания налога из общей суммы доходов taxation system система налогообложения tender system система торгов terminal system вчт. система терминалов test system вчт. испытательная система text-retrieval system вчт. документальная информационная система thin-route system вчт. малоканальная система tightly-coupled system вчт. система с сильной связью time sharing system вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing system вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing system вчт. система с разделением времени timecard system система табельного учета totting-up system система зачетов trade support system система поддержки торговли trading system система торговли transaction-oriented system вчт. диалоговая система обработки запросов truck system система оплаты труда натурой truck system система оплаты труда товарами truck: truck = truck system system attr.: system system оплата труда товарами вместо денег; Truck Acts ист. законы, ограничивающие систему оплаты труда товарами turnkey system вчт. готовая система two-channel system вчт. двухканальная система two-party system двухпартийная система unicameral system однопалатная система unitary tax system единая система налогообложения unmapped system вчт. система без управления памятью up system исправная система virgin system вчт. исходная система voluntary labelling system система добровольного снабжения продукта этикеткой wage system система оплаты труда waiting system вчт. система с ожиданием watch system бирж. система наблюдения weighting system система весов system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? windowing system вчт. система управления окнами word processing system вчт. система обработки текстов work-space system вчт. система с рабочим состоянием -
7 programming
1) программирование; разработка программ2) планирование•programming by example — обучение на примерах ( метод программирования роботов);programming by teaching — программирование ( робота) непосредственным обучением-
absolute programming
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analogic NC part programming
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analogic NC programming
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angle programming
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applicational programming
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application programming
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at-the-machine programming
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away-from-site programming
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CNC machine tool programming
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CNC programming
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computer-aided programming
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computer-assisted NC programming
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concurrent programming
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conversational programming
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convex programming
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direct programming
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discrete programming
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dynamic programming
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egoless programming
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external programming
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families-of-parts programming
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file-oriented programming
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functional programming
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graphic programming
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hands-on programming
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heuristic programming
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iconic programming
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in-house programming
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integer programming
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intelligent programming
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ladder-diagram programming
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linear programming
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live programming
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logical programming
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logic programming
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machine-site programming
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manual programming
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mathematical programming
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minimum-access programming
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minimum-delay programming
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minimum-latency programming
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modular programming
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multiple programming
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NC automatic programming
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object-oriented programming
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off-line programming
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off-the-machine programming
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on-line programming
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on-site programming
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on-the-machine programming
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operator/foreman programming
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parallel programming
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parametric programming
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part programming
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part-surface programming
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PC automatic programming
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procedure-oriented programming
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push-button programming
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relative programming
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remote programming
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robotics programming
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robot programming
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safe zone programming
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shape programming
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shop-floor programming
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step-by-step programming
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stochastic programming
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structured programming
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symbolic programming
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system programming
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TV programming
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visual programming
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voice programming -
8 programming
1) программирование
2) планирование
– automatic programming
– color programming
– computer-aided programming
– discrete programming
– integer programming
– linear programming
– monochrome programming
– nonlinear programming
– production programming
– programming language
– programming technique
– quadratic programming
modular programming system — <comput.> система модульного программирования
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9 computer
computer [kəmˈpju:tər]► computer crime noun ( = illegal activities) criminalité f informatique ; ( = illegal act) délit m informatique* * *[kəm'pjuːtə(r)]noun ordinateur mby computer/on a computer — par/sur ordinateur
the computer is up/down — l'ordinateur fonctionne/est en panne
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10 system
ˈsɪstɪm сущ.
1) а) система Syn: method б) система, устройство;
метод adversary system ≈ система состязательности в суде (правда выясняется в ходе соревнования позиций и доказательств сторон в судебном процессе) health system ≈ органы здравоохранения narrative evaluation system ≈ описательная система оценок( письменная характеристика успеваемости учащегося, даваемая преподавателем в свободной форме) political system ≈ государственный строй air-conditioning system
2) какая-л. определенная система а) сеть( дорог и т. п.) б) мир;
вселенная( система планет)
3) организм или часть организма nervous system support-locomotion system
4) геол. система, формация система;
способ;
метод - a good * of teaching French хорошая система /-ий метод/ обучения французскому языку - the touch * of typewriting печатание на машинке по слепому методу (тк. в ед. ч.) система, систематичность - to work without * работать без( строгой) системы - his work lacks * (в) его работе недостает системы - to bring * out of confusion упорядочить неразбериху;
найти выход из запутанного положения строй, устройство - political * государственный строй - the feudal * феодальный строй - * of government система правления - bipartisan /two-party/ * (американизм) (политика) двухпартийная система классификация, система - * of axes (математика) система координат - * of units( физическое) система измерений - natural * (химическое) периодическая система элементов - the decimal * десятичная система - binary * (химическое) бинарная /двойная/ система (философское) система;
комплекс идей, образующих целое - a * of philosophy философская система;
философское учение( философское) вселенная, мир сеть (дорог, труб и т. п.) - tramway * трамвайная сеть - irrigation * система орошения - nervous * нервная система - circulatory * система кровообращения - telephone * телефонная сеть организм - to pass into the * проникнуть в организм - to introduce smth. into the * ввести что-л. в организм - strong drink is bad for the * крепкие напитки вредны для организма - to get smth. out of one's * вывести( яд и т. п.) из организма;
избавиться от какого-л. чувства, навязчивой идеи и т. п. - I must get her out of my * я должен выбросить ее из головы (астрономия) система - * of comets система комет - solar * солнечная система (геология) система, формация (спортивное) судейство - closed /written/ * закрытое судейство - open /public/ * открытое судейство (военное) средство - forward-based *s средства передового базирования - all *s go (космонавтика) все системы (корабля) работают нормально( компьютерное) система - multiprocession * многопроцессорная система - * manager системный программист;
администратор системы - * management сопровождение /координация работы/ системы accept ~ система акцептования accounting information ~ вчт. бухгалтерская информационная система accounting ~ система бухгалтерского учета accounting ~ система счетов adaptive ~ вчт. адаптивная система administrative ~ административная система alarm ~ система сигнализации analysis ~ система анализа application visualization ~ вчт. прикладная система изображения asset quality rating ~ система квалификации активов asymptotically stable ~ асимптотически устойчивая система automated control ~ асу, автоматизированная система управления axiomatic ~ аксиоматическая система backup ~ вчт. дублирующая система banking ~ банковская система belief ~ система доверия bicameral ~ двухпалатная система bicameral ~ парл. двухпалатная система bipartite ~ парл. двухпартийная система block ~ =blocking bonus ~ премиальная система buddy ~ метод близнецов bulk-service ~ система с групповым обслуживанием business ~ экономическая система cad ~ вчт. система автоматизированного проектирования call-reply ~ вчт. запрсно-ответная система certification ~ система сертификации closed queueing ~ замкнутая система массового обслуживания closed ~ замкнутая система code-dependent ~ вчт. система зависящая от данных code-independent ~ вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-insensitive ~ вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-sensitive ~ вчт. система зависящая от данных code-transparent ~ вчт. система не зависящая от данных coinage ~ монетная система column ~ система бухгалтерского учета по колонкам commission ~ система комиссионных вознаграждений computer ~ вычислительная система computer ~ вчт. вычислительная система computer ~ вычислительный комплекс computer ~ система вычислительных машин computer-aided control ~ автоматизированная система управления computer-to-plate ~ система создания печатных форм на компьютере computerized information ~ информационная система на базе ЭВМ concealment ~ система маскировки concession ~ система концессий constrained ~ вчт. система с ограничениями consulting ~ вчт. консультирующая система control ~ система управления control ~ вчт. система управления cooperative ~ система кооперации cooptation ~ система кооптации costing ~ система калькуляции себестоимости court ~ судебная система, система судопроизводства credit ~ кредитная система criminal reestablishment ~ система восстановления личности преступника crisis alert ~ система предупреждения о кризисе cross ~ вчт. кросс-система cyclical response ~ вчт. система циклических реакций data base management ~ вчт. система управления базой данных data handling ~ вчт. система обработки данных data processing ~ вчт. система обработки данных data ~ вчт. информационная система database ~ вчт. система баз данных decimal ~ десятичная система dedicated ~ специализированная система deductive ~ дедуктивная система delay ~ система с ожиданием desktop ~ система непосредственного взаимодействия direct debit ~ система прямого дебета direct ~ целевая система directional ~ система управления disk operating ~ вчт. дисковая операционная система, ДОС distributed file ~ вчт. распределенная файловая система distributed ~ вчт. распределенная система distribution ~ система распределения distributive ~ распределительная система DP ~ (data processing ~) система обработки данных dynamic ~ динамическая система educational ~ система образования educational ~ система обучения election ~ избирательная система electronic book-entry ~ вчт. электронная система бухгалтерского учета electronic full-page makeup ~ вчт. электронная система верстки полос enclave ~ анклавная группа;
полузащищенная группа (работающих под специальным наблюдением в обычных рабочих условиях инвалидов) equilibrium ~ равновесная система evolutionary ~ развиваемая система executive ~ вчт. операционная система expand a ~ вчт. расширять комплект оборудования системы expert ~ вчт. экспертная система explanatory ~ вчт. система объяснений fail-soft ~ вчт. система с амортизацией отказов federal ~ федеральная система fee ~ система вознаграждений feedback ~ система с обратной связью file ~ вчт. файловая система filing ~ система регистрации документов filing ~ система хранения документов financial ~ финансовая система fiscal ~ система финансов fixed price ~ система с фиксированной ценой flat-rate guarantee ~ система гарантий с фиксированной ставкой formal ~ формальная система fractional reserve ~ система частичных резервов frame ~ вчт. система фреймов functional information ~ вчт. функциональный информационная система giro ~ система жиросчетов governmental ~ правительственная система grading ~ система сортировки guarantee ~ система гарантий guidance ~ вчт. система -путеводитель hard disk ~ вчт. система с жестким диском help ~ вчт. справочник hire ~ =hire-purchase historical cost ~ выч. калькуляция на основе фактических издержек производства homogeneous ~ однородная система host ~ вчт. базисная система host ~ вчт. централизованная система imprest ~ система авансирования imputation ~ система условного начисления indexing ~ система индексации inductive ~ вчт. индуктивная система information ~ вчт. информационная система instruction ~ вчт. обучающая система integrated ~ вчт. интегрированная система intelligent ~ вчт. интеллектуальная система interactive ~ вчт. диалоговая система interactive ~ вчт. интерактивная система interest ~ система ставок процента international monetary ~ международная валютная система judicial ~ система судебных органов judicial ~ судебная система, система судебных органов judicial ~ судебная система jury ~ система суда присяжных knowledge base management ~ вчт. система управления базой знаний knowledge representation ~ вчт. система представления знаний land registration ~ система регистрации земельного участка learning ~ вчт. самообучаемая система licensing ~ система лицензирования linear programming ~ система линейного программирования linear ~ линейная система loadable ~ вчт. загружаемая система loan limit ~ система предельных размеров кредита loose-leaf ~ полигр. издание с отрывными или вкладными листами loss ~ система с потерями mail ~ вчт. электронная почта management information ~ (MIS) управленческая информационная система manual ~ система ручного управления many-server ~ вчт. многоканальная система mapped ~ вчт. система с управлением памятью market ~ рыночная система market ~ рыночная экономика market ~ страна с рыночной экономикой marketing information ~ система маркетинговой информации markov ~ марковская система markovian ~ марковская система master-slave ~ несимметричная система match ~ система выравнивания курсов militia ~ система милиции minimum price ~ система минимальных цен minimum wage ~ система минимальной заработной платы ministerial ~ правительственная система mixed price ~ смешанная ценовая система mixed ~ смешанная система modeless ~ вчт. система с однородным интерфейсом monetary ~ денежная система monetary ~ финансовая система monitoring ~ система мониторинга monitoring ~ система текущего контроля multi-user ~ вчт. многопользовательская система multiprocessing ~ вчт. многопроцессорная система multiprogramming ~ вчт. система, работающая в мультипрограммном режиме multiserver ~ вчт. многоканальная система multistation ~ вчт. многопунктовая система multitasking ~ вчт. многозадачная система multiuser ~ система коллективного пользования multivariable ~ вчт. многомерная система municipal ~ муниципальная система non-markovian ~ вчт. немарковская система nonstop ~ вчт. безостановочный компьютер normative ~ нормативная система number ~ система счисления numeration ~ система счисления off-line ~ вчт. автономная система on-demand ~ вчт. система без ожидания on-line ~ вчт. неавтономная система on-line ~ вчт. система, работающая в реальном масштабе времени on-line ~ вчт. система реального времени one-party ~ однопартийная система open learning ~ гибкая система обучения open ~ вчт. открытая система open-item ~ система с незакрытыми статьями баланса operating ~ действующая система operating ~ вчт. операционная система organized banking ~ организованная банковская система page ~ вчт. страничная система parliamentary ~ парламентская система partial cost ~ система калькуляции издержек производства с использованием нормативов party ~ партийная система patent ~ система патентования pay-as-you-go ~ система выплаты выходных пособий при увольнении payments ~ система платежей penal ~ пенитенциарная система periodic reordering ~ вчт. система с периодической подачей заказов pilot ~ вчт. прототип системы ~ система, устройство;
political system государственный строй portable ~ вчт. мобильная система preferential ~ система преференций premium ~ премиальная система price control ~ система регулирования цен price support ~ система гарантирования цен price ~ система цен priority ~ вчт. система приоритетов priority ~ вчт. система с приоритетами probabilistic ~ вероятностная система process cost ~ система исчисления производственных издержек production ~ продукционная система productions ~ система продукций program development ~ вчт. система разработки программ programming ~ вчт. система программирования progressive taxation ~ система прогрессивного налогообложения proportional taxation ~ система пропорционального налогообложения protection ~ вчт. система защиты prototyping ~ макет системы public health ~ система здравоохранения quality ~ система критериев качества quality ~ система проверки качества quata ~ система квот question-answering ~ вчт. вопросно-ответная система queueing ~ система массового обслуживания queueing ~ вчт. система массового обслуживания quota ~ система иммиграционных квот quota ~ система квот quota ~ система контингентов real time ~ вчт. система реального времени reasoning ~ вчт. разумная система redundant ~ вчт. избыточная система reliable ~ надежная система report ~ система отчетности reporting ~ система отчетности reporting ~ система сбора информации reporting ~ система учета representation ~ система представления reservation ~ система резервирования resident ~ вчт. резидентная система retrieval ~ док. система внесения исправлений retrieval ~ вчт. система поиска revision control ~ вчт. система управления версиями risk control ~ система контроля рисков salary adjustment ~ система регулирования заработной платы salary ~ система заработной платы scalable ~ вчт. расширяемая система school ~ школьная система segment ~ вчт. система с сегментной организацией self-assessment tax ~ система самообложения налогом self-contained ~ замкнутая система serving ~ вчт. система обслуживания setting up the ~ вчт. начальная установка системы short-term support ~ система краткосрочной поддержки simulation ~ имитационная система single-channel ~ вчт. одноканальная система single-server ~ вчт. одноканальная система slave ~ подчиненная система stable ~ устойчивая система standard pay ~ система нормативной заработной платы standby ~ резервная система static-priority ~ вчт. система со статическими приоритетами stationary ~ стационарная система stochastic ~ стохастическая система support ~ вчт. исполняющая система system метод ~ мир, вселенная ~ организм ~ сеть (дорог и т. п.) ~ геол. система, формация ~ система, устройство;
political system государственный строй ~ система, устройство ~ система, метод ~ система;
метод;
system of axes система координат;
what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? ~ comp. система ~ устройство ~ for medium-term financial assistance программа среднесрочной финансовой помощи ~ система;
метод;
system of axes система координат;
what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? ~ of commands система команд ~ of deductions система выводов ~ of financial contributions система финансовых взносов ~ of import control система контроля за импортом ~ of monitoring balance sheet growth система контроля за ростом статей баланса ~ of reimbursement система возмещения расходов ~ of remuneration система вознаграждения ~ of state государственное устройство ~ of taxation система налогообложения target ~ вчт. целевая система tax ~ налоговая система tax-at-source ~ система удержания налога из общей суммы доходов taxation ~ система налогообложения tender ~ система торгов terminal ~ вчт. система терминалов test ~ вчт. испытательная система text-retrieval ~ вчт. документальная информационная система thin-route ~ вчт. малоканальная система tightly-coupled ~ вчт. система с сильной связью time sharing ~ вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing ~ вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing ~ вчт. система с разделением времени timecard ~ система табельного учета totting-up ~ система зачетов trade support ~ система поддержки торговли trading ~ система торговли transaction-oriented ~ вчт. диалоговая система обработки запросов truck ~ система оплаты труда натурой truck ~ система оплаты труда товарами truck: truck = truck system ~ attr.: ~ system оплата труда товарами вместо денег;
Truck Acts ист. законы, ограничивающие систему оплаты труда товарами turnkey ~ вчт. готовая система two-channel ~ вчт. двухканальная система two-party ~ двухпартийная система unicameral ~ однопалатная система unitary tax ~ единая система налогообложения unmapped ~ вчт. система без управления памятью up ~ исправная система virgin ~ вчт. исходная система voluntary labelling ~ система добровольного снабжения продукта этикеткой wage ~ система оплаты труда waiting ~ вчт. система с ожиданием watch ~ бирж. система наблюдения weighting ~ система весов ~ система;
метод;
system of axes система координат;
what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? windowing ~ вчт. система управления окнами word processing ~ вчт. система обработки текстов work-space ~ вчт. система с рабочим состоянием -
11 система автоматизированной подготовки УП
Automation: CAM system, computer-aided programming systemУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > система автоматизированной подготовки УП
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12 CAPS
2) Военный термин: Canadian Army Provost Corps, Computer Aided Prototyping System, Computer Assisted Problem Solving, Consolidated Aerial Port System, central automated personnel system, command automated procurement system, common armaments planning system, control and auxiliary power supply system, conventional armaments planning system, conventional armaments planning system CAPRIS, combat active/passive radar identification system3) Техника: Collins adaptive processing system, cell atmosphere processing system, checkout and firing subsystem, combined action-information organization and fire-control system, common attitude pointing system, construction advanced planning and sequencing, content addressable file store4) Религия: Christian Association of Psychological Studies5) Юридический термин: Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, Chicagos Alternative Policing Strategy, Citizen Action Produces Strength7) Сокращение: & LIMS Capabilities and Limitations, Centralized Account Payment System (possibly incorrect translation in POSTCOM, 2008), Centralized Automated Payment System, Centralized Automatic Payment System, Coastal Aerial Photo-Laser Survey System (USA), Communications / Aural Protective System, Computer Antenna Pointing System, Conventional Armaments Planning System (NATO), Counter Active Protection System8) Физиология: Child Amblyopia Prevention Screening9) Иммунология: Clinical Analysis And Problem Solving10) Связь: Call Attempts Per Second12) Фирменный знак: Capital Area Pronunciation Specialists, Combined Actuarial Performance Services, Counseling And Psychological Services14) Деловая лексика: Combined Attitude And Perspective Survey, Computer Aided Product Selection, Corporate Account Printing Solutions15) Образование: Career Advising Program For Students16) Океанография: Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms17) Расширение файла: Cassette Programming System, Capitals (Upper Case Letters)18) Общественная организация: Canadian Association Of Professional Speakers, Children of Aging Parents19) Должность: Community Alternative Placement Scheme20) Программное обеспечение: Computer Animation Production System, Computerized Animation Production System -
13 caps
2) Военный термин: Canadian Army Provost Corps, Computer Aided Prototyping System, Computer Assisted Problem Solving, Consolidated Aerial Port System, central automated personnel system, command automated procurement system, common armaments planning system, control and auxiliary power supply system, conventional armaments planning system, conventional armaments planning system CAPRIS, combat active/passive radar identification system3) Техника: Collins adaptive processing system, cell atmosphere processing system, checkout and firing subsystem, combined action-information organization and fire-control system, common attitude pointing system, construction advanced planning and sequencing, content addressable file store4) Религия: Christian Association of Psychological Studies5) Юридический термин: Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, Chicagos Alternative Policing Strategy, Citizen Action Produces Strength7) Сокращение: & LIMS Capabilities and Limitations, Centralized Account Payment System (possibly incorrect translation in POSTCOM, 2008), Centralized Automated Payment System, Centralized Automatic Payment System, Coastal Aerial Photo-Laser Survey System (USA), Communications / Aural Protective System, Computer Antenna Pointing System, Conventional Armaments Planning System (NATO), Counter Active Protection System8) Физиология: Child Amblyopia Prevention Screening9) Иммунология: Clinical Analysis And Problem Solving10) Связь: Call Attempts Per Second12) Фирменный знак: Capital Area Pronunciation Specialists, Combined Actuarial Performance Services, Counseling And Psychological Services14) Деловая лексика: Combined Attitude And Perspective Survey, Computer Aided Product Selection, Corporate Account Printing Solutions15) Образование: Career Advising Program For Students16) Океанография: Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms17) Расширение файла: Cassette Programming System, Capitals (Upper Case Letters)18) Общественная организация: Canadian Association Of Professional Speakers, Children of Aging Parents19) Должность: Community Alternative Placement Scheme20) Программное обеспечение: Computer Animation Production System, Computerized Animation Production System -
14 компьютеризированная система
Programming: computer-aided systemУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > компьютеризированная система
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15 Fjalor i shkurtër terminoiogjik i informatikës
AAbort - ndërprerje e operacionit, procesit ose procedures gjatë kryerjes së tij.Accept - pranon.Access time - koha e arritjes së të dhënave.Accessories - veglat ndihmëse në Windows.Adapter - kartelë për zgjerim e cila instalohet në kompjuter.Adress register - numër hemksadecimal i cili e tregon adresën e lokacionit të caktuar të memorjes.Algorithm - zgjidhja e një problemi hap pas hapi.allocate - ndarje të resurseve të kompjuterit, si për shembull në disk, shtypës ose memorje të çdo skedari, shfrytëzuesi ose procesi.alpha numeric characters - shenja alfanu-merike. Të gjitha shenjat që i shfrytëzon kompjuteri, përfshirë këtu edhe shkronjat, shifrat, shenjat për interpunksion dhe shenjat speciale, siç janë: \$, \@ i \#ANSI (American National Standar Institute) - Instituti Nacional Amerikan për Standarde.ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - Kodi amerikan për këmbim të informacioneve. Renditje standarde e shtatë shifrave binare (shifra e shtatë mund të jepet për kontroll të çiftësisë) e cila aplikohet për paraqitjen e shenjave në kompjuter.Animation - animacion - Iluzion i lëvizjes me paraqitje të shpejtë të fotografive të njëpasnjëshme, e cila arrihet me përdorim të harduerit dhe softuerit përkatës. Programet më të njohura për animacion janë: 3 D Studio, Autodesk Chaos, Imagine etj.Application - program i cili është i dedikuar për shfrytëzuesit e rëndomtë, i cili është i projektuar për kryerje të ndonjë pune të caktuar. Për shembull aplikacioni për kontabilitet financiar.Application development tools - vegla për krijim të programeve aplikative.ALU ( Arithmetic-Logic Unit) - njësi aritmetiko-logjike. Është pjesë e njësisë qendrore (çip i mikroprocesorit) e cila kryen operacione kryesore aritmetike dhe logjike me të dhënat.Artificial Intelligence - intelegjencë artificiale. Emër i sistemeve të kompjuterit që duhet të shfaqin inteligjencë njerëzore, si kuptim për fjalën e thënë, si reagim ndaj ambientit të tyre fizik dhe adaptimit ndaj kushteve të tilla.Ascending order - rendi i radhitjes së elementeve sipas rendit të rritjes, prej vlerave më të vogla kah më të mëdhatë (a, b, c...)Assembler - përkthyes programor. Program i projektuar që t'i transformojë instruksionet simbolike në formë më të qëlluar për t'i kryer në kompjuter.Assign - dhënie vlerë diçkaje që është shfrytëzuar në programim.Asterisk - shenja * (yll). Përdoret si shenjë xhoker që mundëson specifikim të disa skedarëve përnjëherë.Auto CAD - program aplikativ për projektim kompjuterik dhe disenjim.BBackbone - niveli më i lartë në një rrjet kierarkik kompjuterik.Backslash - shenja \\ ( ASCII kodi 92). Përdoret në specifikimin e rrugës së diskut ku gjendet skedari i kërkuar.Backspace - zhvendosje e kursorit për një vend prapa.Backup - kopje rezerve. Bëhet kopje e përmbajtjes së diskut të kompjuterit dhe atë në mënyrë periodike, ndërsa vendoset në shirit magnetik ose në CD.Bad sector - sektori jo në rregull. Pjesë e disketës ose diskut ku nuk nuk mund dhe ku nuk është e sigurt të shkruhen informacioneBad trac table - tabelë e shtigjeve që nuk janë në rregull. Listë e pjesëve të çrregulluara fabrikisht dhe të pasigurta për shkruarje, e cila është e ngjitur në pjesën e prapme të diksut.Bandwidth - njësi matëse për sasinë e të dhënave të cilat mund të transmetohen përmes ndonjë rrjeti të komunikimit në një sekondë.Bar chart - diagram në formë të shiritave.Bar code - paraqitje e shenjave alfanu-merike me ndihmën e vijave vertikale me gjatësi të ndryshme. Përdoret si mënyrë për shifrim universal të prodhimeve.Bar code reader - lexues bar cod. Pajisje optike për lexim të shenjave bar cod.BIOS (Basic Input Output System) - grup i programeve më të vogla detyra e të cilave është të shfaqë test rutinor kur kyçet kompjuteri, si dhe ta startojë sistemin operativ të kompjuterit.BASIC - gjuhë programore e cila është e lehtë për mësim.Batch - pako. Bashkësi e elementeve ose dokumeneteve të cilat përpunohen si tërësi.Batch processing - përpunim paketor. Teknikë që përdor vetëm një inkuadrim të programit në memorjen kryesore për shkak të përpunimit të më tepër detyrave të veçanta njëra pas tjetrës.Baud - bod. Kapacitet maksimal për transmetim të informacioneve në një kanal të komunikimit, i cili është njësi matëse e numrit të ndryshimeve të niveleve në sekondë.Benchmark - krahasim. Program standard i cili shërben për përcaktimin e performansave të kompjuterëve të ndryshëm.Beta version - version prove i softuerit para daljes së tij zyrtare në treg.BIT ( Binary digiT) - shifra binare janë 0 dhe 1. Kompjuterët digjital procesojnë informacione në formë digjitale, ndërsa zbatojnë vetëm shifra të sistemit binar. Ato zakonisht paraqiten me tension prej 5 V për numrin 1, gjegjësisht 0 V për numrin O.Binary file - skedar binar i cili përbëhet prej disa bitave, por i cili nuk është skedar tekstual. Zakonisht ato janë programe me fotografi.Binary system - sistem binar. Sistem numërimi për shkruarje të numrave në kompjuter. Aty ka vetëm dy shifra 0 dhe 1.Bps (Bits per second) - bit në sekondë. Masë për shpejtësinë e transmetimit të rrjetave kompjuterikeBlank - i zbrazët, i pashkruar. Shenjë që i përdoret për paraqitjen e vendit të zbrazët ndërmjet shenjave të shtypura.Bold - shkronja me kontura më të trasha dhe më të errëtaBookmark - reference e cila na drejton kah ndonjë dokument i caktuar hipertekstual i Internetit.Boot - startimi i kompjuterit, gjatë së cilës fillon puna e sistemit operativ.Boot block - pjesë e diskut ku gjendet softueri i cili i mundëson kompjuterit ta fillojë punën.Boot disk - disk ose disketë prej së cilës startohet sistemi operativ.Break - ndërpren. Sinjal special i cili e ndërpet punën e ndonjë programi. Shpesh fitohet me shtypje të tasteve Ctrl dhe C përnjëherë.Browser - fletëkërkues. Program i cili është i dedikuar për shikimin e dokumenteve hipertekstuale të Internetit. Me ndihmën e tij shrytëzohet servisi më i dobishëm i Internetit WWW (W orld W ide W eb). Fletëkërkuesit më të njohur janë Microsoft Internet Explorer dhe Netscape Navigator.Buffer - bafer. Vend në kujtesën kryesore të kompjuterit për ruajtje të përkohshme të të dhënave.Bug - gabim, defekt. Gabim i paqëllimtë në program, për shkak të të cilit programi nuk punon si duhet. Në përkthimin më tekstual nënkupton bubë dhe mendohet se rrjedh prej ngjarjes kur mola është kapur për ndonjë relej të kompjuterëve të parë dhe e ka pamundësuar punën e tij.Bullet - shenjë për renditje e cila përdoret në programet për përpunim të tekstit.BBS (Bulletin Board System) - tabelë elektronike për shpallje. Shërbim telekomunikues përmes të të cilit konsumatorët komunikojnë, këmbejnë informata etj.Bus - mbledhëse. E lidh pllakën amë të kompjuterit me procesorin, kujtesën, diskun dhe elementet tjera kompjuterike.Byte - bajt. Tetë bita. Shpesh është numër binar tetëshifror i cili paraqet një shkronjë.CCache - kesh. Pjesë e kujtesën e rezervuar për ruajtje të të dhënave që përdoren shpesh, te të cilat procesori ka qasje shumë më të shpejtë sesa në hard disk. Kujtesën kesh mund të gjendet në memorjen RAM ose në hard disk.Cancel button - tast për shfuqizimin e funksionit të zgjedhur. Te numri më i madh i programeve tasti për shfuqizim aktivizohet me shtypjen e tastit Esc.Case sensitive - dallimi i shkronjave të mëdha dhe të vogla. Me shpesh gjatë krahasimit të dy fjalëve apo teksteve.CRT (cathode ray tube) - gypi katodik i ekranit.CPU (C entral P rocessing U nit) - njësi qendrore e procesuimit. Zemër e kompjuterit personal. Udhëheq dhe drejton me të gjitha operacionet për përpunim të të dhënave.Centronics port - portë e kompjuterit në të cilën shpesh lidhet shtypësi.Chanel - kanal. Rrugë në të cilën transmetohet informacioni digjital në kompjuter.Character - shenjë; karakter. Cilado shkronjë, shenjë e interpunksionit, ose ndonjë nga njëqind shenjat tjera që mund të vërehen në ekran, gjegjësisht të cilat mund të shtypen.CPI (character per inch) - numër i shenjave në një inç. Njësi matëse për matjen e dendësisë së shkrimit. Shprehet me numër të shenjave në një inç.Check box - kuti katrore për dialog e cila mund të jetë e kyçur ose e çkyçur, gjegjësisht të jetë e zgjedhur ose jo, ndonjë opcion në kornizën për dialog.Checksum - shumë për kontroll. Shuma e numrave që përdoren për kontrollim të mbledhjes.Click - klik. Shtypje dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut, pa mos e lëvizur.Client - klient. Sistem i cili mund të punojë i pavarur, edhe pse në një masë edhe ky është i varur prej ndonjë sisitemi tjetër. Për kompjuterin që është i lidhur në rrjet kompjuterik shpesh thuhet se është klient.Client-server network - rrjet i tipit klient-server.Clip art - bashkësi e vizatimeve grafike dhe fotografive të shkruara në skedar të veçantë i cili është i arritshëm për përdorim të ndonjë aplikacioni, për shembull, për përpunim të tekstit ose të grafikës.Clipboard - kohësisht, skladim i fshehur për tekst ose fotografi të cilat priten ose kopjohen.Clock speed - shpejtësi e ores. Shpejtësia e punës së procesorit në kompjuter matet me megahercë (MHz) ose me gigahercë (GHz).Sa më e shpejtë është shpejtësia e procesorit, aq më tepër urdhëra mund të kryejë kompjuteri.Clone - klon. Kompjuter i cili paraqet kopje të suksesshme të kompjuterit tjetër të (standardizuar). Më shpesh kjo u dedikohet atyre kompjuterëve të cilët janë kompatibil me kompjuterët e kompanisë IBM.Cod - kod. Diçka që është shkruar me gjuhën kompjuterike, në letër ose në kompjuter.Code page - faqe e koduar. Tabelë e cila tregon se cili karakter i përgjigjet shenjës në ekran dhe me shtypjen e tasterit a përfitohet e njëjta shenjë.CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) -videokartelë e cila është më e vjetëruar.COM port - portë seriale. Më shpesh në kompjuterët ekzistojnë dy porta seriale të shënuara si C0M1 dhe COM2.Command interperter - program i cili i integron dhe i përpunon urdhërat e dhënë në kompjuter. Në sistemin operativ DOS është programi C0MAND.COM, ndërsa në WINDOWS është WIN.INICOBOL (Common Business Orientated Language) - gjuhë progamore nga gjeneratat më të vjetra të cilat përdoren për aplikacione financiare.Communication protocol - përmbledhje e programeve e cila mundëson transmetim dhe këmbim të të dhënave ndërmjet dy ose më tepër kompjuterëve.CD (Compact Disc) - kompakt disk. Medium për memorim të të dhënave digjitale dhe audio. Në kompakt disk mund të vendoset muzikë prej 72 minutave ose të dhëna prej 650 MB.CD ROM (Comapct Disc Read Only Memory) - njësi harduerike për leximin e kompakt disqeve. Me këtë njësi mund vetëm të lexojmë e jo edhe të shlyejmë ose të regjistrojmë të dhëna të reja.COMPAQ (COMPAtibility Quality) - shenjë e prodhimeve cilësore të kompjuterëve desktop dhe laptop.Compiler - kompajler; përkthyes. Program i cili i përkthen disa gjuhë të larta programesh në ndonjë gjuhë makinerike.CompuServe - njëra ndër rrjetat më të mëdha të Internetit në botë. Klientëve të tyre ju ofron këmbim të skedarëve, të të dhënave, të postës elektronike etj.CAD (Computer Aided Design) - shfrytëzim i kompjuterit për krijime të vizatimeve ose për projektime të ndonjë objekti ose sistemi. Programet më të njohura nga kjo sferë janë Auto Cad, Auto Sketch, Design CAD, Lab View etj.CAM (Computer Aided Manifacture) - prodhim me ndihmën e kompjuterit.CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) - vegël softuerike për programerët. Shfrytëzohen për planifikim, analizim si dhe projektim të dokumentacionit në softuerin kompjuterik.Computer analyst - analitik kompjuteristik. Person i cili i definon problemet dhe saktësisht i pëcakton hapat për zgjidhjen e tyre me anë të kompjuterit.Configuration - konfiguracion. Mënyrë e lidhshmërisë së kompjuterit me njësitë tjera periferike në një sistem të përbashkët.Controller - vegël teknike e cila i mundëson veglës tjetër të komunikojë me kompjuterin.Conversion - konverzion. Proces i transformimit të të dhënave (tekst, grafik) nga një format në tjetër.Cooki file - skedar në të cilin ruhen skedarët e shfrytëzuar (cookies). Zakonisht gjendet në emërtuesin bashk me fletëkërkuesin (shembull në emërtuesin Internet Explorer).Corel DRAW- Pako programore e dedikuar për vizatim dhe punim me fotografi.Corrupted file - skedar i dëmtuar. Dëmtimi mund të jetë për shkak të ektorëve të diskut që nuk janë në rregull, prishjes fizike ose gabimeve të shkaktuara nga programi.Crash - gjendje kur kompjuteri bie prej funksionimit të tij dhe më tutje nuk mund të përdoret. Pas kësaj kompjuteri zakonisht përseri startohet.Current drive - disk me të cilin shfrytëzuesi punon momentalisht.Cursor - kursori. Tregues i pozicionimit. Vijë vertikale e lëvizshme që dridhet dhe vezullon e që paraqitet në ekran si indikator vizuel e cila mund të dislokohet edhe vertikalisht edhe horizontalisht me anë të urdhërave prej tastierës.Cyberphobia - kiberfobia. Frikë nga kompjuteri.CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) - metodë e testimit për të dhënat dalëse nga disku për shkak të sigurisë prej gabimeve.DData - të dhënat. Nocion i përgjithshëm për numrat, simbolet dhe madhësitë analoge të cilat shfrytëzohen si madhësi dalëse për përpunimin e kompjuterit.Database - baza e të dhënave. Bashkësi e të dhënave të lidhura ndërmjet vete dhe të organizuara paraprakisht. Programet më të njohura për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave janë: Oracle, MS SQL Server, Informix, Sybase etj.Data security - mbrojtje e të dhënave nga ndërhyrjet e qëllimta ose të rastësishme nga njerëz jo të autorizuar.Data type - tip i të dhënave. Mund të jenë: tekstuale, numerike, logjike, dhe të dhëna të datave.Dead lock - ndërprerje; bllokim. Situatë kur ndonjë program nuk mund të realizohet në kompjuter, për shkak se e pret rastin që faktikisht kurrë nuk do të ndodh.Debug - testim i programit të kompjuterit me korrigjim të gabimeve të paraqitura në te.Default value - ndonjë vlerë që nënkuptohet. Vlerë që programi automatikisht e zgjedh po qe se shfrytëzuesi nuk jep ndonjë vlerë tjetër. Për shembull ngjyrat që i jep WIND0WS-i janë default vetëm po qe se shfrytëzuesi nuk i përdor.Defragmentation - defragmentim. Proces i bashkangjitjes i të dhënave të një programi në disk, që të mund të shpejtohet puna e tij. Është e preferueshme që defragmenting të bëhet një herë në javë, për të shpejtuar punën e diskut.Density - dendësi. Njësi matëse për numrin e të dhënave të cilat mund të shkruhen në ndonjë medium (disketë, shirit magnetik etj).Decsending sort - renditje me radhitje të kundërt.Desktop - sipërfaqja aktive e ekranit gjatë punës me Windows, e cila përmban dritare dhe ikona.Desktop computer - kompjuter i cili pozicionohet horizontalisht në tavolinën punës.DTP (Desktop Publishing) - Pako e softuerit me të cilën kompjuteri mund të përdoret për disenj të dokumenteve, duke përfshirë fotografi, tekst dhe kontroll të pamjes së dokumenteve dhe shtypjen e tyre.Destination file - skedar që pranon.Device - vegël, mjet, përbërje, njësi. Nocion i përgjithshëm i cili shfrytëzohet për të identifikuar ndonjë komponentë të kompjuterit (disk, tastaturë, minak, etj).Device driver - softuer i cili i mundëson kompjuterit të komunikojë me njësitë periferike.DAT (Digital Audio Tape) - shirit magnetik në të cilin memorizohen të dhënat me sasi shumë të mëdha.DVD (Digital Video Disk) - teknologji e harduerit e cila mundëson shiqimin e filmave, spoteve muzikore etj.DMA (Direct Memory Access) - proces i transmetimit të një sasie të madhe të të dhënave ndërmjet diskut dhe kujtesës punuese të kompjuterit.DirectX - varg i programeve standarde për aplikacione të Microsfti-t, i dedikuar për lojra dhe aplikacione multimediale.Disk controller - kartelë e cila e lidh kompjuterin me diskun; zakonisht gjendet në pjesën e poshtme të diskut.Disk drive - njësi fizike e cila e pranon dhe e kthen diskun magnetik dhe mundëson lexim dhe shkrim të të dhënave.DOS (Disk Operating System) - njëri ndër sistemet më të njohura operative i cili është shumë përfshirës dhe shfrytëzohet nga kompjuterët personal. I prodhuar nga kompania Microsft në vitin 1982.Domain - grup i kompjuterëve emrat e të cilëve e ndajnë të njëjtën prapashtesë. Shembull: com (firmë komerciale), org (organizatë pa përfitim), gov (qeveri), edu (institucion arsimor), net (provajder i Internetit). Njësoj ekzistojnë edhe prapashtesa të cilat i identifikojnë shtetet p.sh. mk prapashtesë për Maqedoninë.Dpi (dots per inch) - pika në inç. Njësi për matjen e rezolutës së shtypjes në shtypës. Rezoluta te shtypësit amë sillet rreth 300 dpi, ndërsa te shtypësit lezër arrin deri në 1200 dpi.Double click - klikim; shtypje e dyfishtë. Klikim i shpejtë dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut dy here pa lëvizjen e minakut ndërmjet dy klikimeve.Double precision - precizitet i dyfishtë. Teknikë me të cilën paraqiten numrat me gjatësi të dyfishuar.Download - kopjim i ndonjë programi ose skedari prej ndonjë kompjuteri kryesor në kompjuterin personal.Draft quality - kualitet i shtypit, i cili është i lexueshëm, por nuk duket aq mirë për përdorim që ai dokument të botohet në ndonjë revistë ose libër. Zakonisht shfrytëzohet për nxjerrjen e kopjeve që të shkojë në korrekturë.Drag-and-drop - tërheqje dhe lëshim i tastit të minakut.Drop-down meni - Lista e urdhërave të menysë së aktivizuar, të radhitura njëra pas tjetrës.DLL (Dynamic Link Library) - grup e funksioneve të cilat shfrytëzohen gjatë programimit në Windows.EEPROM (E lectrically P rogrammable R ead O nly M emory) - çip memorizues përmbajtja e të cilit nuk mund të ndryshohet.E-mail (electronic mail) - postë elektronike. Njëri nga shërbimet më të njohura të Internetit me të cilin porositë dërgohen prej një kompjuteri në kompjuter tjetër.Embedded object - objekt i ndërvënë.EMM386.EXE - program i cili mundëson vendosjen e drajverave dhe programeve në hapësirën e lartë të memories.Emulator - emulator. Program cili i mundëson kompjuterit të zbatojë programe të shkruara për kompjuter tjetër.Encryption - shifrim. Kodim i porosisë me çka nuk mundësohet hyrje e palejuar deri te ajo.EOF (end of file) - fund i skedarit. Shenjë për fundin e skedarit, e cila shfrytëzohet si indikator se këtu kryhen të dhënat.Ethernet - rrjet lokal kompjuterik i konstruktuar prej llojit të kabllove me mundësi të bartjes deri më 10 Mbit/sec.Event - rast; paraqitje. Moment kur paraqitet ndryshimi specifik i ndonjë gjendjeje.Exchange - këmbim i informatave ndërmjet dy lokacioneve.Exchengeable disk - disk transmetues. Tip i diskut i cili montohet në shtëpizë të posaçme dhe është i transmetueshëm.Executable file - program zbatues. Skedar i cili mund të aplikohet në kompjuter.Expression - shprehje matematikore ose logjike e shkruar në gjuhën programoreEBCDIC (Extended Binary Decimal Interchange Code) - kod i cili i përdorë tetë shifra binare të krijuara nga IBM, ndërsa i paraqet shenjat (shkronjat, numrat etj.) nga kompjuteri i cili i proceson.External modem - modem i jashtëm. Modem në kuti të veçantë, kabllo dhe mbushës i cili më së shpeshti aktivizohet në portën seriale të kompjuterit.Extranet - intranet i cili u është lënë në disponim klientëve dhe blerësve të jashtëm me qëllim që t'i shohin të dhënat. Më shpesh ata janë të siguruara me shifra që të ruhet siguria e blerësve.FFan ventilator - ventilator i cili mundëson cirkulimin e ajrit nëpërmjet pjesëve kompjuterike dhe e pamundëson nxehjen e tyre.Fatal error - gabim në programin kompjuterik i cili e ndalon funksionimin e tij.Fault tolerance - tolerim i gabimeve. Aftësi e ndonjë sisitemi që ta vazhdojë funksionimin normal edhe pse ekziston problem në harduer ose softuer.Fax modem - faks modem. Modem i aftësuar të pranojë dhe të dërgojë fakse. Në këtë rast fakset janë elektronike.Fiber optics - fije optike. Mundëson shpejtësi të madhe të bartjes së të dhënave në rrjetat kompjuterike.File - skedar; fajll; datotekë. Pa marrë parasysh çfarë informate, të grumbulluar dhe të inçizuar nën një emër. Skedari mund të përmban tekst, grafikon, program etj.FAT (File Allocation Table) - tabelë e cila shërben për renditjen e skedarëve e cila gjendet në fillim të diskut dhe përmban informata për ata pjesë të diskut të cilat shfrytëzohen, pjesë të diskut të cilat nuk shfrytëzohen dhe ato të cilat nuk mund të shfrytëzohen për shkak të dëmtimit të blloqeve në disk.File control system - program i cili udhëheq me bartjen e të dhënave nga ciladoqoftë pajisje deri në ndonjë pajisje tjetër.File locking - përmbyllje e skedarit. Ndalesë që më tepër se një shfrytëzues ta ndërrojë përmbajtjen e skedarit.File protection - mbrojtje e skedarit. Komandë e kompjuterit e cila e ndalon shkruarjen dhe fshirjen e të dhënave në skedar, por e lejon leximin e tyre.Firewall - sistem rrjetor për sigurim i cili ndihmon në ndërprerjen e hyrjes së paautorizuar në sistemin kompjuterik; thjesht ky është kompjuter i lidhur në Internet dhe me të cilin zhvillohet i gjith komunikimi në Internet.Floppy disk - disk i butë, disketëFooter - tekst i cili paraqitet në pjesën e poshtme në secilën faqe.FF (Form Feed) - urdhër i cili shfrytëzohet i që ta lëviz letrën në printer në faqe të re. Zakonisht në tabelën kontrolluese të printerit gjendet një tast i cili mundëson kryerjen e funksionit përkatës.FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) - gjuhë programore e krijuar në kompaninë IBM e cila shfrytëzohej për programimin e aplikacioneve tekniko shkencore.Freeware - programe pa pagesë, por të mbrojtura me ligj për autorizimFAQ (Frequently Asked Question) - pyetje ose lista me pyetje dhe përgjigje të cilat janë shumë të shpeshta dhe shumë shfrytëzues ballafaqohen me këto të dhëna. Këto lista janë shumë frytdhënëse për shkak të këmbimit të informatave.GGIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) - princip në të cilën po qe se hyjnë të dhëna jokor-rekte dhe jovalide në kompjuter, ai do të japë rezultate jokorrekte dhe të pakuptimta.GUI (graphical user interface) - interfejs grafik i shfrytëzuar për sisteme operative. Komunikimi ndërmjet shfrytëzuesit dhe programit zhviliohet me anë të shfrytëzimit të ikonave, dritareve dhe të ngjashme. Një shembull për një iterfejs të tillë që e shfrytëzojmë është Windows-i.Guru - Njeri me kapacitet të lartë i cili dëshiron t'u ndihmojë të tjerëve në zgjedhjen e problemeve të tyre.HHacker - haker. Person për të cilin kompjuteri është hobi. Sot shumë njerëz termin haker e identifikojnë me person i cili në mënyrë të paligjshme hy në kompjuter të huaj.Halt - ndalesë. Ndalje e realizimit të operacioneve të renditura në programet kompjuterike.Hand-held computer - kompjuter i vogël që mund të mbahet edhe në dorë.Hang - rri varur. Mosfunksionim i kompjuterit. Kur kompjuteri rinë varur, i ekrani duket normal, por çfarëdo pune tjetër është e pamundur të futet në funksion.Hard copy - rezultatet e shtypura në letër.Hardware - hardueri, gjërat fizike apo të prekshme të kompjuterit.Help - ndihmë. Funksion i cili është i pranishëm në shumë programe, i cili shërben si ndihmë e shfrytëzuesit për përdorimin e programit.Hertz (Hz) - herc. Cikël në sekondë me të cilin matet shpejtësia e procesorit në kompjuter.HEX (Hexadecimal) - Sisitem numëror në matematik, në të cilin si bazë e numërimit është numri 16. Për shfaqjen e numrave përdoren shifrat 0-9 dhe shkronjat A-F. Është shumë i qëlluar për përdorimin e kalkulimeve kompjuterike.Hidden file - skedar i fshehur. Skedar i cili përmban atribute të cilat nuk lejojnë që emri i skedarit të kopjohet, të fshihet ose të shfletohet.High tech - teknologji e lartëHost computer - kompjuter kryesor me të cilin lidhen kompjuterët tjerë.Hot key - tast ose kombinim i tasteve i cili zbaton instruksion të përcaktuar pa marrë parasysh se çka punon procesori në momentin e dhënë.HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) - format hipertekstual për punë me dokumente. Shërben për krijimin e dokumenteve WEB në internet.Hub - hab. Paisje në të cilën kyçen kompjuterët të cilët janë të lidhur në rrjet.Hyphenation - ndarje e fjalëveIIllegal - jolegal. Parametra hyrëse të cilët janë të papranuara, për shkak se nuk i përmbushin specifikacionet e vendosura në programe.Image processing - përpunim i grafikonëveImaging - proces i shkrimit të grafikës në ndonjë medium, për shembull në shirit.Implementation - implementim. Instalim i sitemit kompjuterik.Infrared - teknologji e cila shfrytëzon ndriçimin për lidhjen të kompjuterëve pa kabëll.Initialization - inicializim. Operacion për formatim të diskut ose disketës, si dhe përgatitje për shkruarjen dhe përdorimin e të dhënave.Ink-jet printer - shtypës pështyes që hedh ngjyrën në letër.Input data - të dhënat hyrëse.Insert mod - rregull për futjen e të dhënave.Install - instalim, futja fillestare e ndonjë programi në kompjuter.Instruction - instruksion. Urdhër i destinuar për mikroprocesorin.Integer - numër i plotë pa presje decimaleLLine printer - shtypës i cili shtyp përnjëherë një rresht tekst.Link- lidhje; lidhshmëri.Load - mbushje, futje e programit në memorje.LAN (Local Area Network) - rrjet lokal në kuadër të një hapësire ose ndërtese. Lidhje e dy ose më tepër kompjuterëve me kabllo me qëllim të këmbimit të informatave.Local printer - shtypës i cili është i lidhur drejtpërdrejt me një stacion punues, i cili nuk është në disponim të shfrytëzuesve tjerë të rrjetit.Login - Paraqitje në kompjuter. Në këtë rast kompjuteri kërkon nga shfrytëzuesi që të identifikohet me emrin dhe shifrën.Logoff- çlajmërim. Largim nga puna me kompjuter.Loop - cikël. Renditje të instruksioneve kompjuterike të cilat praktikohen me anë të përsëritjeve, gjersa nuk përmbushet ndonjë kusht.MMachine code - kod makine. Përmbledhje e instruksioneve kompjuterike në ndonjë kompjuter të posaçëm i cili niund ta kryejë urdhërin.Macro - makro. Serial i urdhërave të cilat kryhen me shtypjen e një tasti ose me ndonjë urdhër. Në të shumtën e rasteve i shkruan vetë shfrytëzuesi për ta lehtësuar punën gjatë përsëritjeve të një morie urdhërash.Mailbox - sandëku postar.Main program - pjesë kryesore e programit e cila i kontrollon nënprogramet.Mass storage - pajisje në të cilën mund të vendoset një numër i madh i të dhënave.Medium - medium. Bartës i të dhënave, shpesh mendohet në disketë, CD-ROM dhe të ngjashme.MMU (Memory Management Unit) - pajisje e cila udhëheq kujtesën.Merge - bashkim, kombinim i dy ose më tepër skedarëve.Message - porosi nga kompjuteri e cila informon për diçka.MIDI file - skedarë me përshkrime muzikore.MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second) -milion instuksione në sekondë. Njësi matëse për shpejtësinë me të cilën procesori i kryen instruksionet. Për shembull, procesori Pentium i cili punon në 100 MHz kryen 100 milionë instruksione në sekondë, pra 100 MIPS-a.Millisecond (ms) - milisekondë. Kohë e barabartë me pjesën e njëmijtë të sekondës. Shfrytëzohet për shprehjen e shpejtësisë te hard disqet.Mode - regjim i punës; mënyrë e punës. Njëra nga gjendjet alternative të punës së kompjuterit.MODEM (MOdulator/DEModulator) - modem. Regullator i cili të dhënat e dërguara i shndërron në sinjal telefonik, të qëlluara për lidhje të drejtpërdrejtë telefonike.Motherboard - pllaka amë e kompjuterit në të cilën janë të lidhura të gjitha elementet e harduerit.Multimedia - kombinim i tekstit me fotografi dhe zë, videoanimacion.MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) - standard për bashkangjitjen e skedarëve në porositë elektronike.Multitasking - aftësi e sistemit operativ që njëkohësisht të ushtrojë më shumë programe.NNetwork - rrjet i kompjuterit.NetWare - sistem operativ rrjetor i shpikur nga kompania Novell.Network adapter - adapter i rrjetit. Kartelë e cila instalohet në kompjuter përmes të cilës ai lidhet në rrjet.Network administrator - njeriu i cili e mbikëqyrë punën e rrjetit kompjuterik dhe që udhëheqë me të.Network protocol - protokoll rrjetor. Bashkësi e standardeve kompjuterike në një rrjet.Node - nyje, pika ngjitëse në rrjein kompjuterikNon-interlaced - sa i përket disa monitorëve te të cilët topi elektronik pas një kohe e kalon ekranin pa mos lëshuar asnjë vijë.Notebook computer - kompjuter i vogël me format sa një faqe e letrës.Numeric keypad - tastierë numerike.OOLE (Object Linking and Embedding) -mënyrë e këmbimit të informatave ndërmjet dy skedarëve me aplikim të njëjtë ose të ndryshëm në Windows.Off-line - i çkyçurOn-line - i kyçurODBC (Open Data Base Connectivity) - standard i cili mundëson hyrje në sisteme të ndryshme të bazave të të dhënave.Operating System - sistem operativ. Softuer i cili është lidhje ndërmjet shfrytëzuesit dhe kompjuterit.Optical cable - kabëll optik për lidhje rrjetore të kompjuterëve me të cilin arihet shpejtësi e madhe në përcjelljen e të dhënave.OCR (Optical Character Recognition) - njohje e simboleve optike. Program i cili identifikon shenjat e shkruara dhe ato të shtypura dhe pastaj krijon skedar tekstual.OEM (Original Equipment Manifacturer) - prodhues i komponenteve të ndryshëm, të cilët pastaj lidhen me klientin, e emri i tij figuron në kompjuter.Overflow - tejkalim. Gjendje e cila paraqitet si rezultat i operacionit aritmetik; e tejkalon kapacitetin e kujtesës për ruajtjen e rezultatit.Overload - ngarkim i tepërt. Ngarkim më i j madh sesa pajisja; mund ta mban atë për të cilën është konstruktuar.Overstrike - nënvizim.Overtype - shkrim përmbi tekst.Overwrite - mbulim i informatës e cila më parë ka qenë në atë vend.PPage break - ndërprerje e faqes. Vend ku mbaron një faqe dhe fillon faqja tjetër.Page layout - pamje e faqesPpm (pages per minute) - faqe në minute. Njësi matëse e shpejtësisë së shtypësit gjatë shtypjes.Pagination - operacion automatik te programet për përpunimin e tekstit, i cili shërben për renditjen e tekstit nëpër faqe me numerimin e tyre.Palmtop computer - kompjuter i vogël i cili mund të mbahet në një dorë.PASCAL - Paskali. Gjuhë kompjuterike.Password - Fjalë e fshehur e cila përdoret për hyrje në sistemin kompjuterik.Patch - arnim. Ndryshim i kodit programor, i cili zakonisht bëhet pas mbarimit të softuerit me qëllim që të përmirësohen disa gabime.Path name - emri i datotekës së bashku me rrugën me të cilën arihet deti tek ajo.Pause - pauzë. Tast ose urdhër i cili përkohësisht e ndërpren punën e ndonjë programi.Peer-to-peer - rrjet lokal ku çdo kompjuter i kyçur është i barabartë. Në rrjet nuk ekziston server.Peripheral device - pajisje e harduerit e cila kyçet në kompjuter.Permanent SWAP file - skedar i përhershëm në Windows me të cilin shtresohen të dhënat dhe instruksionet programore kur nuk mund të vendosen në kujtesën RAM.PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) - komitet i cili krijoj standarde për memorje me kapacitet më të madh e aplikuar te kompjuterët laptop.PIXEL (Picture Element) - Element më i vogël i monitorit kompjuterik i cili mundë të kontroliohet. Sa më i madh të jetë numri i pikselave, aq më e mirë është rezoluta.Pirate - person i cili merret me formën ilegale të kopjimit të softuerave.Plasma display - teknologji e përdorur për konstruimin e ekranit te kompjuterët laptop.Plotter - vizatues. Pajisje e cila shërben për vizatimin e rezultateve të përfituara nga kompjuteri.Plug and play - kyçe dhe puno. Pajisje të cilat kompjuteri automatikisht i detekton dhe i instalon drajverat e nevojshëm në të.Pointer - tregues. Fotografi e vogël në ekran, zakonisht në formë të shigjetës; lëvizjet e saja kontrollohen nëpërmjet minakut.Port - portë; lidhje; hyrje.Portability - përcjellshmëri. Cilësi e programave kompjuterike që të mund të adaptohen në lloj-lloj tipash të kompjuterëve.Power supply - furnizues i rrymes te kompjuteri.Print queue - pritje, rend për shtyp.Print server - zakonisht njëri prej kompjuterëve në rrjet i cili dirigjon me të gjitha kërkesat për shtyp dhe me të gjithë shtypësit që janë të lidhura në rrjet.Printer driver - softuer i cili i mundëson kompjuterit që të punojë me shtypësin.Procedure - rradhitje e instruksioneve kompjuterike të cilat bashkarisht veprojnë për një nevojë dhe detyrë të caktuar.Processing - përpunim i të dhënave.Programming language - gjuhë programore me të cilën programeri e shkruan programin kompjuterik.Prompt - shenjë për thirrje; shërben për shkruarjen e urdhërave.Purge - shlyerje pas së cilës të dhënat e shlyera nuk mund të kthehen më.QQuery - pyetje. Instruksion kompjuterik i cili i parashtron pyejte bazës së të dhënave.Quit - ndalje. Urdhër me të cilën para kohe ndalet ekzekutimi i programit.QWERTY - tastier në të cilën rreshti më i lartë i saj fillon me shkronjat Q, W, E, R, T, Y. Ekzistojnë edhe lloje tjera të tastierëve si per shembull QWERTZ.RRadio button - radio sustë. Mund të zgjedhim vetëm një sustë të këtij lloji në program.RAM (Random Access Memory) - kujtesa kryesore kompjuterike në të cilën janë të vendosura të dhënat të cilat përpunohen.Read-only - vetëm lexim. Të dhënat mund të lexohen, por jo edhe të ndryshohen.ROM (Read Only Memory) - kujtesa e pashlyeshme nga e cila mund të lexohen të dhënat.RTC (Real Time Clock) - Çip kompjuterik i cili ka funksion të orës që ta informojë kompjuterin për kohën e saktë, datën dhe vitin.Reboot - përsëri startim të kompjuterit, zakonisht për shkak të rënies së sistemit.Record - grup i të dhënave të cilat i takojnë një grupacioni. Për shembull, emri i ndonjërit, mbiemri, adresa dhe numri i telefonit.Recover - kthim në gjendjen normale të punës pas paraqitjes së gabimit në sistem.RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives) - kombinim i më shumë disqeve me qëllim që të rritet siguria e të dhënave nga ndonjë humbje e paparashikuar.Refresh rate - shpejtësi për freski. Numër maksimal i fotografive që mund të shfaqen në ndonjë monitor për një sekondë. Paraqitet me herc.RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System) - sistem për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave.Remote computer - kompjuter i larguar.Remote control program - program me komandim prej së largu.Repeat delay - koha e nevojshme që të shtypet një tast e që të paraqitet karakteri i cli përgatitet që të dale në ekran.Reset button - sustë për resetim. Sustë në pjesën e përparme të shtëpizës së kompjuterit e cila shërben për vënien e sistemit në gjendjen fillestare të saj.Resolution - qartësi e përshkruarjes në ekran apo në shtypës.Response time - kohë për përgjigje nga ana e kompjuterit për ndonjë kërkesë përkatëse.Restart - startim i përsëritur i kompjuterit.Retreive - gjetje dhe ndarje në veçanti e ndonjë informate të përcaktuar.Retry - orvatje e sërishme për të kryer ndonjë instruksion të programit.Ring network - rrjet unazor.RJ-45 - konektor i cili i ngjan lidhjes telefonike, por ka 8 tela në vend që të ketë 4.Root directory - direktoriumi kryesor i një disku.Router - udhërëfyes. Pajisje rrjetore e cila i dërgon të dhënat në rrjet duke e zgjedhur rrugën më të mirë.SSafe mode - gjendje në të cilën startohet Windows-i kur paraqitet ndonjë konflikt në harduer.Save - shkrim i të dhënave në disk, ku nuk mund të humben pas mbylljes së kompjuterit.Scanner - skener. Mjet i cili në mënyrë optike lexon ndonjë dokument dhe e shndërron në skedar grafiko-digjital.Screen - ekran.Scroll - lëvizje e tekstit lart-poshtë.Search engine - program për kërkimin e të dhënave. Makina më të njohura për kërkim në internet janë: Yahoo, Altavista, Google etj.Server - kompjuter në rrjet i cili disa nga resurset e veta i vë në disponim të ndonjë kompjuteri tjetër.Session - koha në të cilën një shfrytëzues e kalon në rrjet.Set up - një sistem të vihet në gjendje pune.Shared file - skedar i përbashkët.Shut down - kryerje e punës së një sistemi operativ të kompjuterit ose çkyçje e kompjuterit.SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - protokoll i cili shfrytëzohet për udhëheqjen e këmbimit të postës elektronike ndërmjet dy kompjuterëve.Slave - i nënshtruar. Kompjuter i cili është i kontrolluar nga një kompjuter tjetër.Software - të gjitha programet të cilat mund të shfrytëzohen në një kompjuter.Software development tool - vegla për zhvillimin e programeve.Sort - renditje e të dhënave me radhitje të re.Sound card - kartë për zërim.Storage - kujtesë.String - varg i shenjave.SQL (Structured Query Language) - pako e programeve për udhëheqjen e bazave të të dhënave.Switch - ndërprerës.System software - softuer sistemor (p.sh. MS-DOS, Windows etj).English-Albanian dictionary > Fjalor i shkurtër terminoiogjik i informatikës
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16 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать3) управляющее устройство; устройство управления; регулятор4) профессиональное мастерство, квалификация, техническая квалификация5) pl органы управления•"in control" — "в поле допуска" ( о результатах измерения)
to control closed loop — управлять в замкнутой системе; регулировать в замкнутой системе
- 2-handed controlsto control open loop — управлять в разомкнутой системе; регулировать в разомкнутой системе
- 32-bit CPU control
- acceptance control
- access control
- acknowledge control
- active process control
- adaptable control
- adaptive constraint control
- adaptive control for optimization
- adaptive control
- adaptive feed rate control
- adaptive quality control
- adjustable feed control
- adjustable rotary control
- adjustable speed control
- adjusting control
- adjustment control
- AI control
- air logic control
- analog data distribution and control
- analogical control
- analytical control
- application control
- arrows-on-curves control
- autodepth control
- autofeed control
- automated control of a document management system
- automated technical control
- automatic backlash control
- automatic control
- automatic editing control
- automatic gain control
- automatic gripper control
- automatic level control
- automatic process closed loop control
- automatic remote control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic sequence control
- automatic speed control
- automatic stability controls
- auxiliaries control
- balanced controls
- band width control
- bang-bang control
- bang-bang-off control
- basic CNC control
- batch control
- bibliographic control
- bin level control
- boost control
- built-in control
- button control
- cam control
- cam throttle control
- camshaft control
- carriage control
- Cartesian path control
- Cartesian space control
- cascade control
- C-axis spindle control
- cell control
- center control
- central control
- central supervisory control
- centralized control
- centralized electronic control
- central-station control
- changeover control
- chip control
- circumferential register control
- close control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- closed loop machine control
- closed loop manual control
- closed loop numerical control
- closed loop position control
- clutch control
- CNC control
- CNC indexer control
- CNC programmable control
- CNC symbolic conversational control
- CNC/CRT control
- CNC/MDI control
- coarse control
- coded current control
- coded current remote control
- color control
- combination control
- command-line control
- compensatory control
- composition control
- compound control
- computed-current control
- computed-torque control
- computer control
- computer numerical control
- computer process control
- computer-aided measurement and control
- computer-integrated manufacturing control
- computerized control
- computerized numerical control
- computerized process control
- constant surface speed control
- constant value control
- contactless control
- contact-sensing control
- contamination control
- continuous control
- continuous path control
- continuous process control
- contour profile control
- contouring control
- conventional hardware control
- conventional numerical control
- conventional tape control
- convergent control
- conversational control
- conversational MDI control
- coordinate positioning control
- coordinate programmable control
- copymill control
- counter control
- crossed controls
- current control
- cycle control
- dash control
- data link control
- data storage control
- deadman's handle controls
- depth control
- derivative control
- dial-in control
- differential control
- differential gaging control
- differential gain control
- differential temperature control
- digital brushless servo control
- digital control
- digital position control
- digital readout controls
- dimensional control
- direct computer control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- direct numerical control
- direction control
- directional control
- dirt control
- discontinuous control
- discrete control
- discrete event control
- discrete logic controls
- dispatching control
- displacement control
- distance control
- distant control
- distributed control
- distributed numerical control
- distributed zone control
- distribution control
- dog control
- drum control
- dual control
- dual-mode control
- duplex control
- dust control
- dynamic control
- eccentric control
- edge position control
- EDP control
- electrical control
- electrofluidic control
- electromagnetic control
- electronic control
- electronic level control
- electronic speed control
- electronic swivel control
- elevating control
- emergency control
- end-point control
- engineering change control
- engineering control
- entity control
- environmental control
- error control
- error plus error-rate control
- error-free control
- external beam control
- factory-floor control
- false control
- feed control
- feed drive controls
- feedback control
- feed-forward control
- field control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- firm-wired numerical control
- fixed control
- fixed-feature control
- fixture-and-tool control
- flexible-body control
- floating control
- flow control
- fluid flow control
- follow-up control
- foot pedal control
- force adaptive control
- forecasting compensatory control
- fork control
- four quadrant control
- freely programmable CNC control
- frequency control
- FROG control
- full computer control
- full order control
- full spindle control
- gage measurement control
- gain control
- ganged control
- gap control
- gear control
- generative numerical control
- generic path control
- geometric adaptive control
- graphic numerical control
- group control
- grouped control
- guidance control
- hairbreath control
- hand control
- hand feed control
- hand wheel control
- hand-held controls
- handle-type control
- hand-operated controls
- hardened computer control
- hardwared control
- hardwared numerical control
- heating control
- heterarchical control
- hierarchical control
- high-integrity control
- high-level robot control
- high-low control
- high-low level control
- high-technology control
- horizontal directional control
- humidity control
- hybrid control
- hydraulic control
- I/O control
- immediate postprocess control
- inching control
- in-cycle control
- independent control
- indexer control
- indirect control
- individual control
- industrial processing control
- industrial-style controls
- infinite control
- infinite speed control
- in-process control
- in-process size control
- in-process size diameters control
- input/output control
- integral CNC control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interconnected controls
- interlinking control
- inventory control
- job control
- jogging control
- joint control
- joystick control
- just-in-time control
- language-based control
- laser health hazards control
- latching control
- lead control
- learning control
- lever control
- lever-operated control
- line motion control
- linear control
- linear path control
- linearity control
- load control
- load-frequency control
- local control
- local-area control
- logic control
- lubricating oil level control
- machine control
- machine programming control
- machine shop control
- macro control
- magnetic control
- magnetic tape control
- main computer control
- malfunction control
- management control
- manual control
- manual data input control
- manual stop control
- manually actuatable controls
- manufacturing change control
- manufacturing control
- master control
- material flow control
- MDI control
- measured response control
- mechanical control
- memory NC control
- memory-type control
- metering control
- metrological control of production field
- microbased control
- microcomputer CNC control
- microcomputer numerical control
- microcomputer-based sequence control
- microprocessor control
- microprocessor numerical control
- microprogrammed control
- microprogramming control
- milling control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-based control
- moisture control
- motion control
- motor control
- motor speed control
- mouse-driven control
- movable control
- multicircuit control
- multidiameter control
- multilevel control
- multimachine tool control
- multiple control
- multiple-processor control
- multiposition control
- multistep control
- multivariable control
- narrow-band proportional control
- navigation control
- NC control
- neural network adaptive control
- noise control
- noncorresponding control
- noninteracting control
- noninterfacing control
- nonreversable control
- nonsimultaneous control
- numerical contouring control
- numerical control
- numerical program control
- odd control
- off-line control
- oligarchical control
- on-board control
- one-axis point-to-point control
- one-dimensional point-to-point control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open loop control
- open loop manual control
- open loop numerical control
- open-architecture control
- operating control
- operational control
- operator control
- optical pattern tracing control
- optimal control
- optimalizing control
- optimizing control
- oral numerical control
- organoleptic control
- overall control
- overheat control
- override control
- p. b. control
- palm control
- parameter adaptive control
- parameter adjustment control
- partial d.o.f. control
- path control
- pattern control
- pattern tracing control
- PC control
- PC-based control
- peg board control
- pendant control
- pendant-actuated control
- pendant-mounted control
- performance control
- photoelectric control
- physical alignment control
- PIC control
- PID control
- plugboard control
- plug-in control
- pneumatic control
- point-to-point control
- pose-to-pose control
- position/contouring numerical control
- position/force control
- positional control
- positioning control
- positive control
- postprocess quality control
- power adaptive control
- power control
- power feed control
- power-assisted control
- powered control
- power-operated control
- precision control
- predictor control
- preselective control
- preset control
- presetting control
- pressbutton control
- pressure control
- preview control
- process control
- process quality control
- production activity control
- production control
- production result control
- programmable adaptive control
- programmable cam control
- programmable control
- programmable logic adaptive control
- programmable logic control
- programmable machine control
- programmable microprocessor control
- programmable numerical control
- programmable sequence control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus floating control
- proportional plus integral control
- prototype control
- pulse control
- pulse duration control
- punched-tape control
- purpose-built control
- pushbutton control
- quality control
- radio remote control
- radium control
- rail-elevating control
- ram stroke control
- ram-positioning control
- rapid-traverse controls for the heads
- rate control
- ratio control
- reactive control
- real-time control
- reduced-order control
- register control
- registration control
- relay control
- relay-contactor control
- remote control
- remote program control
- remote switching control
- remote valve control
- remote-dispatch control
- resistance control
- resolved motion rate control
- retarded control
- reversal control
- revolution control
- rigid-body control
- robot control
- robot perimeter control
- robot teach control
- rod control
- safety control
- sampled-data control
- sampling control
- schedule control
- SCR's control
- second derivative control
- selective control
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-adaptive control
- self-adjusting control
- self-aligning control
- self-operated control
- self-optimizing control
- self-programming microprocessor control
- semi-automatic control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sequence control
- sequence-type control
- sequential control
- series-parallel control
- servo control
- servo speed control
- servomotor control
- servo-operated control
- set value control
- shaft speed control
- shape control
- shift control
- shop control
- shower and high-pressure oil temperature control
- shut off control
- sight control
- sign control
- single variable control
- single-flank control
- single-lever control
- size control
- slide control
- smooth control
- software-based NC control
- softwared numerical control
- solid-state logic control
- space-follow-up control
- speed control
- stabilizing control
- stable control
- standalone control
- start controls
- static control
- station control
- statistical quality control
- steering control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stepped control
- stick control
- stock control
- stop controls
- stop-point control
- storage assignment control
- straight cut control
- straight line control
- stroke control
- stroke length control
- supervisor production control
- supervisory control
- swarf control
- switch control
- symbolic control
- synchronous data link control
- table control
- tap-depth controls
- tape control
- tape loop control
- teach controls
- temperature control
- temperature-humidity air control
- template control
- tension control
- test control
- thermal control
- thermostatic control
- three-axis contouring control
- three-axis point-to-point control
- three-axis tape control
- three-mode control
- three-position control
- throttle control
- thumbwheel control
- time control
- time cycle control
- time optimal control
- time variable control
- time-critical control
- time-proportional control
- timing control
- token-passing access control
- tool life control
- tool run-time control
- torque control
- total quality control
- touch-panel NC control
- touch-screen control
- tracer control
- tracer numerical control
- trajectory control
- triac control
- trip-dog control
- TRS/rate control
- tuning control
- turnstile control
- two-axis contouring control
- two-axis point-to-point control
- two-dimension control
- two-hand controls
- two-position control
- two-position differential gap control
- two-step control
- undamped control
- user-adjustable override controls
- user-programmable NC control
- variable flow control
- variable speed control
- variety control
- varying voltage control
- velocity-based look-ahead control
- vise control
- vision responsive control
- visual control
- vocabulary control
- vocal CNC control
- vocal numerical control
- voltage control
- warehouse control
- washdown control
- water-supply control
- welding control
- wheel control
- wide-band control
- zero set control
- zoned track controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > control
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17 center
1) центр; середина || центрировать; устанавливать в среднем положении || центральный; средний2) центровое отверстие || центровать, зацентровывать3) многоцелевой станок, обрабатывающий центр4) вычислительный центр; центр подготовки УП, центр автоматизированной подготовки УП6) кернер7) центр, станочный центр8) сердцевина, ядро; средняя часть; средний слой ( многослойного материала)•- 5-face machining centeron center — установленный по оси, установленный по центру
- AC and ATC machining center
- AC center
- acceleration center
- adaptive control machining center
- antifriction center
- area control center
- arm center
- assembly center
- automatic control operation center
- automatic switching center
- AWT machining center
- back center
- ball bearing center
- bar-chucking and shaft-turning center
- bar-machining center
- bench centers
- blanking center
- bore/mill center
- branch information center
- bridge-type machining center
- CAD center
- cage center
- cage window center
- cantilever measuring center
- case center
- cell-configuration machining center
- center of acceleration
- center of action
- center of cross force
- center of curvature
- center of gravity
- center of lateral pressure
- center of lateral resistance
- center of lift
- center of mass
- center of oscillation
- center of pressure
- center of protected type
- center of resistance
- center of roll
- center of rotation
- center of system of parallel forces
- center of thrust
- chucking center
- circular part processing center
- CNC fabrication center
- CNC machining center
- CNC measuring center
- CNC micromachining center
- CNC plate-fabrication center
- CNC turning center
- combination grinding/machining center
- command center
- computation center
- computer center
- computer gage center
- computer graphics center
- computer numerically controlled machining center
- computer-aided design center
- computer-assisted instruction center
- computing center
- cone center
- control center
- coordinate inspection center
- cutting center
- data acquisition and processing center
- data center
- data distribution center
- data gathering center
- data processing center
- dead center
- decision center
- departmental STI center
- departmental test center
- departmental testing center
- direct numerically controlled machining center
- dispersion center
- DNC center
- DNC machining center
- DNC-controlled machining center
- documentation center
- double turning center
- drill and tapping center
- drill/mill center
- drilling and milling center
- drilling and tapping center
- drilling center
- drive center
- electrical discharge machining center
- elevating center
- end driver center
- extensible centers
- fabrication center
- fault-finding center
- five-face machining center
- five-side machining center
- fixed center
- fixed-column machining center
- flame-cutting center
- flexible inspection center
- flexible machining center
- flexible milling machine center
- flexible turning center
- flexural center
- floating center
- floor-type machining center
- foot stock center
- gantry-loaded turning center
- gear center
- gear cutting center
- gear inspection center
- gear measuring center
- grasping center
- grinder work center
- grinding center
- half center
- head center
- head-changing machining center
- headstock center
- high-precision machining center
- high-speed machining center
- high-technology machining center
- hollow center
- honeycomb center
- horizontal axis machining center
- horizontal machining center
- horizontal-spindle machining center
- hydraulic center
- impurity center
- index center
- information analysis center
- information center
- inner race spherical center
- instantaneous acceleration center
- instantaneous center of rotation
- instantaneous center
- instantaneous velocity center
- integrated data processing center
- integrated metrology center
- integrated production center
- internal center
- jig boring center
- jig-borer-class center
- knee-type machining center
- laser center
- laser cutting center
- laser extended machining center
- laser machining center
- laser/punch center
- laser-beam center
- lathe center
- lift center
- live center
- load center
- low-speed/heavy duty machining center
- machine center
- machining center
- magnetic center
- mass center
- measuring center
- micromachining center
- mill/turn center
- mill/turning center
- mill-drive turning center
- milling and drilling center
- milling center
- milling machine center
- milling/drilling center
- milling, turning and boring center
- milling-turning center
- moment center
- movable centers
- moving-column machining center
- moving-column/fixed table center
- multifunction machining center
- multipallet machining center
- multipurpose machining center
- NC milling machine center
- NC turning center
- nondimensioned circle center
- operator-controlled machining center
- operator-programmed center
- outer race spherical center
- pallet changer machining center
- part-processing center
- parts-programming center
- pipe center
- plasma-arc burning center
- plate center
- plate-processing center
- point-to-point machining center
- pool-fed machining center
- positioning center
- pot center
- precision machining center
- precision turning center
- processing center
- production machining center
- production turning center
- profiling center
- programming center
- punching and folding center
- punching and nibbing center
- quality control center
- quill-type machining center
- ram-type machining center
- random nucleation centers
- regional information center
- reinforced center
- revolving center
- revolving dead center
- robot center
- robot/machining center
- robotic center
- robotic inspection center
- robotic welding center
- rotary transfer machining center
- rotating center
- running center
- saw/centering center
- sawing center
- serrated drive center
- shaft-and-chucking turning center
- shaft-measuring center
- sharpening center
- sheet metal machining center
- sine centers
- single-column vertical machining center
- single-machining center
- single-pallet machining center
- slant turn mill center
- slideway grinding center
- slotted center
- slotting/shaping/machining center
- small manufacturing center
- small-envelope machining center
- small-part turning center
- software machining center
- spring loaded center
- state test center
- state testing center
- stationary center
- steel/titanium machining center
- strain center
- subspindle turning center
- subspindle-equipped turning center
- super-accurate machining center
- support center
- suspension center
- Swiss-style turning center
- table-type machining center
- tail center
- tailstock center
- tap-drive machining center
- tapping center
- test center
- thermal machining center
- thrust center
- tool management center
- tool preset center
- tool storage center
- tool-setting center
- tooth bearing center
- track centers
- transfer center
- transfer-line-ready machining center
- traveling column machining center
- traveling-type machining center
- triangular center
- turbine blade machining center
- turn-broach center
- turning center
- turning/boring center
- turning/boring/milling center
- turning/milling/grinding center
- turning-and-chucking center
- turning-and-machining center
- turn-mill center
- turret-type machining center
- twin opposed spindle turning center
- twin-head turning center
- unmanned machining center
- unmanned manufacturing center
- VBM machining center
- versatile production center
- vertical machining center
- vertical spindle machining center
- vertical turning center
- vertical turret machining center
- vertical/horizontal machining center
- vertical-axis machining center
- welding center
- work center
- working center
- zero-rpm centerEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > center
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18 автоматизированная оценка систем
1) General subject: computer-aided system evaluation2) Programming: computer aided system evaluationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматизированная оценка систем
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19 программируемый логический контроллер
- speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung, f
программируемый логический контроллер
ПЛК
-
[Интент]
контроллер
Управляющее устройство, осуществляющее автоматическое управление посредством программной реализации алгоритмов управления.
[Сборник рекомендуемых терминов. Выпуск 107. Теория управления.
Академия наук СССР. Комитет научно-технической терминологии. 1984 г.]EN
storage-programmable logic controller
computer-aided control equipment or system whose logic sequence can be varied via a directly or remote-control connected programming device, for example a control panel, a host computer or a portable terminal
[IEV ref 351-32-34]FR
automate programmable à mémoire
См. также:
équipement ou système de commande assisté par ordinateur dont la séquence logique peut être modifiée directement ou par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif de programmation relié à une télécommande, par exemple un panneau de commande, un ordinateur hôte ou un terminal de données portatif
[IEV ref 351-32-34]
- архитектура контроллера;
- производительность контроллера;
- время реакции контроллера;
КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ
Основным показателем ПЛК является количество каналов ввода-вывода. По этому признаку ПЛК делятся на следующие группы:- нано- ПЛК (менее 16 каналов);
- микро-ПЛК (более 16, до 100 каналов);
- средние (более 100, до 500 каналов);
- большие (более 500 каналов).
- моноблочными - в которых устройство ввода-вывода не может быть удалено из контроллера или заменено на другое. Конструктивно контроллер представляет собой единое целое с устройствами ввода-вывода (например, одноплатный контроллер). Моноблочный контроллер может иметь, например, 16 каналов дискретного ввода и 8 каналов релейного вывода;
- модульные - состоящие из общей корзины (шасси), в которой располагаются модуль центрального процессора и сменные модули ввода-вывода. Состав модулей выбирается пользователем в зависимости от решаемой задачи. Типовое количество слотов для сменных модулей - от 8 до 32;
- распределенные (с удаленными модулями ввода-вывода) - в которых модули ввода-вывода выполнены в отдельных корпусах, соединяются с модулем контроллера по сети (обычно на основе интерфейса RS-485) и могут быть расположены на расстоянии до 1,2 км от процессорного модуля.
Многие контроллеры имеют набор сменных процессорных плат разной производительности. Это позволяет расширить круг потенциальных пользователей системы без изменения ее конструктива.
По конструктивному исполнению и способу крепления контроллеры делятся на:- панельные (для монтажа на панель или дверцу шкафа);
- для монтажа на DIN-рейку внутри шкафа;
- для крепления на стене;
- стоечные - для монтажа в стойке;
- бескорпусные (обычно одноплатные) для применения в специализированных конструктивах производителей оборудования (OEM - "Original Equipment Manufact urer").
По области применения контроллеры делятся на следующие типы:- универсальные общепромышленные;
- для управления роботами;
- для управления позиционированием и перемещением;
- коммуникационные;
- ПИД-контроллеры;
- специализированные.
По способу программирования контроллеры бывают:- программируемые с лицевой панели контроллера;
- программируемые переносным программатором;
- программируемые с помощью дисплея, мыши и клавиатуры;
- программируемые с помощью персонального компьютера.
Контроллеры могут программироваться на следующих языках:- на классических алгоритмических языках (C, С#, Visual Basic);
- на языках МЭК 61131-3.
Контроллеры могут содержать в своем составе модули ввода-вывода или не содержать их. Примерами контроллеров без модулей ввода-вывода являются коммуникационные контроллеры, которые выполняют функцию межсетевого шлюза, или контроллеры, получающие данные от контроллеров нижнего уровня иерархии АСУ ТП. Контроллеры для систем автоматизации
Слово "контроллер" произошло от английского "control" (управление), а не от русского "контроль" (учет, проверка). Контроллером в системах автоматизации называют устройство, выполняющее управление физическими процессами по записанному в него алгоритму, с использованием информации, получаемой от датчиков и выводимой в исполнительные устройства.
Первые контроллеры появились на рубеже 60-х и 70-х годов в автомобильной промышленности, где использовались для автоматизации сборочных линий. В то время компьютеры стоили чрезвычайно дорого, поэтому контроллеры строились на жесткой логике (программировались аппаратно), что было гораздо дешевле. Однако перенастройка с одной технологической линии на другую требовала фактически изготовления нового контроллера. Поэтому появились контроллеры, алгоритм работы которых мог быть изменен несколько проще - с помощью схемы соединений реле. Такие контроллеры получили название программируемых логических контроллеров (ПЛК), и этот термин сохранился до настоящего времени. Везде ниже термины "контроллер" и "ПЛК" мы будем употреблять как синонимы.
Немного позже появились ПЛК, которые можно было программировать на машинно-ориентированном языке, что было проще конструктивно, но требовало участия специально обученного программиста для внесения даже незначительных изменений в алгоритм управления. С этого момента началась борьба за упрощение процесса программирования ПЛК, которая привела сначала к созданию языков высокого уровня, затем - специализированных языков визуального программирования, похожих на язык релейной логики. В настоящее время этот процесс завершился созданием международного стандарта IEC (МЭК) 1131-3, который позже был переименован в МЭК 61131-3. Стандарт МЭК 61131-3 поддерживает пять языков технологического программирования, что исключает необходимость привлечения профессиональных программистов при построении систем с контроллерами, оставляя для них решение нестандартных задач.
В связи с тем, что способ программирования является наиболее существенным классифицирующим признаком контроллера, понятие "ПЛК" все реже используется для обозначения управляющих контроллеров, которые не поддерживают технологические языки программирования. Жесткие ограничения на стоимость и огромное разнообразие целей автоматизации привели к невозможности создания универсального ПЛК, как это случилось с офисными компьютерами. Область автоматизации выдвигает множество задач, в соответствии с которыми развивается и рынок, содержащий сотни непохожих друг на друга контроллеров, различающихся десятками параметров.
Выбор оптимального для конкретной задачи контроллера основывается обычно на соответствии функциональных характеристик контроллера решаемой задаче при условии минимальной его стоимости. Учитываются также другие важные характеристики (температурный диапазон, надежность, бренд изготовителя, наличие разрешений Ростехнадзора, сертификатов и т. п.).
Несмотря на огромное разнообразие контроллеров, в их развитии заметны следующие общие тенденции:- уменьшение габаритов;
- расширение функциональных возможностей;
- увеличение количества поддерживаемых интерфейсов и сетей;
- использование идеологии "открытых систем";
- использование языков программирования стандарта МЭК 61131-3;
- снижение цены.
[ http://bookasutp.ru/Chapter6_1.aspx]
Программируемый логический контроллер (ПЛК, PLC) – микропроцессорное устройство, предназначенное для управления технологическим процессом и другими сложными технологическими объектами.
Принцип работы контроллера состоит в выполнение следующего цикла операций:
1. Сбор сигналов с датчиков;
2. Обработка сигналов согласно прикладному алгоритму управления;
3. Выдача управляющих воздействий на исполнительные устройства.
В нормальном режиме работы контроллер непрерывно выполняет этот цикл с частотой от 50 раз в секунду. Время, затрачиваемое контроллером на выполнение полного цикла, часто называют временем (или периодом) сканирования; в большинстве современных ПЛК сканирование может настраиваться пользователем в диапазоне от 20 до 30000 миллисекунд. Для быстрых технологических процессов, где критична скорость реакции системы и требуется оперативное регулирование, время сканирования может составлять 20 мс, однако для большинства непрерывных процессов период 100 мс считается вполне приемлемым.
Аппаратно контроллеры имеют модульную архитектуру и могут состоять из следующих компонентов:
1. Базовая панель ( Baseplate). Она служит для размещения на ней других модулей системы, устанавливаемых в специально отведенные позиции (слоты). Внутри базовой панели проходят две шины: одна - для подачи питания на электронные модули, другая – для пересылки данных и информационного обмена между модулями.
2. Модуль центрального вычислительного устройства ( СPU). Это мозг системы. Собственно в нем и происходит математическая обработка данных. Для связи с другими устройствами CPU часто оснащается сетевым интерфейсом, поддерживающим тот или иной коммуникационный стандарт.
3. Дополнительные коммуникационные модули. Необходимы для добавления сетевых интерфейсов, неподдерживаемых напрямую самим CPU. Коммуникационные модули существенно расширяют возможности ПЛК по сетевому взаимодействию. C их помощью к контроллеру подключают узлы распределенного ввода/вывода, интеллектуальные полевые приборы и станции операторского уровня.
4. Блок питания. Нужен для запитки системы от 220 V. Однако многие ПЛК не имеют стандартного блока питания и запитываются от внешнего.Рис.1. Контроллер РСУ с коммуникациями Profibus и Ethernet.
Иногда на базовую панель, помимо указанных выше, допускается устанавливать модули ввода/вывода полевых сигналов, которые образуют так называемый локальный ввод/вывод. Однако для большинства РСУ (DCS) характерно использование именно распределенного (удаленного) ввода/вывода.
Отличительной особенностью контроллеров, применяемых в DCS, является возможность их резервирования. Резервирование нужно для повышения отказоустойчивости системы и заключается, как правило, в дублировании аппаратных модулей системы.Рис. 2. Резервированный контроллер с коммуникациями Profibus и Ethernet.
Резервируемые модули работают параллельно и выполняют одни и те же функции. При этом один модуль находится в активном состоянии, а другой, являясь резервом, – в режиме “standby”. В случае отказа активного модуля, система автоматически переключается на резерв (это называется “горячий резерв”).
Обратите внимание, контроллеры связаны шиной синхронизации, по которой они мониторят состояние друг друга. Это решение позволяет разнести резервированные модули на значительное расстояние друг от друга (например, расположить их в разных шкафах или даже аппаратных).
Допустим, в данный момент активен левый контроллер, правый – находится в резерве. При этом, даже находясь в резерве, правый контроллер располагает всеми процессными данными и выполняет те же самые математические операции, что и левый. Контроллеры синхронизированы. Предположим, случается отказ левого контроллера, а именно модуля CPU. Управление автоматически передается резервному контроллеру, и теперь он становится главным. Здесь очень большое значение имеют время, которое система тратит на переключение на резерв (обычно меньше 0.5 с) и отсутствие возмущений (удара). Теперь система работает на резерве. Как только инженер заменит отказавший модуль CPU на исправный, система автоматически передаст ему управление и возвратится в исходное состояние.
На рис. 3 изображен резервированный контроллер S7-400H производства Siemens. Данный контроллер входит в состав РСУ Simatic PCS7.Рис. 3. Резервированный контроллер S7-400H. Несколько другое техническое решение показано на примере резервированного контроллера FCP270 производства Foxboro (рис. 4). Данный контроллер входит в состав системы управления Foxboro IA Series.Рис. 4. Резервированный контроллер FCP270.
На базовой панели инсталлировано два процессорных модуля, работающих как резервированная пара, и коммуникационный модуль для сопряжения с оптическими сетями стандарта Ethernet. Взаимодействие между модулями происходит по внутренней шине (тоже резервированной), спрятанной непосредственно в базовую панель (ее не видно на рисунке).
На рисунке ниже показан контроллер AC800M производства ABB (часть РСУ Extended Automation System 800xA).Рис. 5. Контроллер AC800M.
Это не резервированный вариант. Контроллер состоит из двух коммуникационных модулей, одного СPU и одного локального модуля ввода/вывода. Кроме этого, к контроллеру можно подключить до 64 внешних модулей ввода/вывода.
При построении РСУ важно выбрать контроллер, удовлетворяющий всем техническим условиям и требованиям конкретного производства. Подбирая оптимальную конфигурацию, инженеры оперируют определенными техническими характеристиками промышленных контроллеров. Наиболее значимые перечислены ниже:
1. Возможность полного резервирования. Для задач, где отказоустойчивость критична (химия, нефтехимия, металлургия и т.д.), применение резервированных конфигураций вполне оправдано, тогда как для других менее ответственных производств резервирование зачастую оказывается избыточным решением.
2. Количество и тип поддерживаемых коммуникационных интерфейсов. Это определяет гибкость и масштабируемость системы управления в целом. Современные контроллеры способны поддерживать до 10 стандартов передачи данных одновременно, что во многом определяет их универсальность.
3. Быстродействие. Измеряется, как правило, в количестве выполняемых в секунду элементарных операций (до 200 млн.). Иногда быстродействие измеряется количеством обрабатываемых за секунду функциональных блоков (что такое функциональный блок – будет рассказано в следующей статье). Быстродействие зависит от типа центрального процессора (популярные производители - Intel, AMD, Motorola, Texas Instruments и т.д.)
4. Объем оперативной памяти. Во время работы контроллера в его оперативную память загружены запрограммированные пользователем алгоритмы автоматизированного управления, операционная система, библиотечные модули и т.д. Очевидно, чем больше оперативной памяти, тем сложнее и объемнее алгоритмы контроллер может выполнять, тем больше простора для творчества у программиста. Варьируется от 256 килобайт до 32 мегабайт.
5. Надежность. Наработка на отказ до 10-12 лет.
6. Наличие специализированных средств разработки и поддержка различных языков программирования. Очевидно, что существование специализированный среды разработки прикладных программ – это стандарт для современного контроллера АСУ ТП. Для удобства программиста реализуется поддержка сразу нескольких языков как визуального, так и текстового (процедурного) программирования (FBD, SFC, IL, LAD, ST; об этом в следующей статье).
7. Возможность изменения алгоритмов управления на “лету” (online changes), т.е. без остановки работы контроллера. Для большинства контроллеров, применяемых в РСУ, поддержка online changes жизненно необходима, так как позволяет тонко настраивать систему или расширять ее функционал прямо на работающем производстве.
8. Возможность локального ввода/вывода. Как видно из рис. 4 контроллер Foxboro FCP270 рассчитан на работу только с удаленной подсистемой ввода/вывода, подключаемой к нему по оптическим каналам. Simatic S7-400 может спокойно работать как с локальными модулями ввода/вывода (свободные слоты на базовой панели есть), так и удаленными узлами.
9. Вес, габаритные размеры, вид монтажа (на DIN-рейку, на монтажную панель или в стойку 19”). Важно учитывать при проектировании и сборке системных шкафов.
10. Условия эксплуатации (температура, влажность, механические нагрузки). Большинство промышленных контроллеров могут работать в нечеловеческих условиях от 0 до 65 °С и при влажности до 95-98%.
[ http://kazanets.narod.ru/PLC_PART1.htm]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung, f
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > программируемый логический контроллер
20 automate programmable à mémoire
программируемый логический контроллер
ПЛК
-
[Интент]
контроллер
Управляющее устройство, осуществляющее автоматическое управление посредством программной реализации алгоритмов управления.
[Сборник рекомендуемых терминов. Выпуск 107. Теория управления.
Академия наук СССР. Комитет научно-технической терминологии. 1984 г.]EN
storage-programmable logic controller
computer-aided control equipment or system whose logic sequence can be varied via a directly or remote-control connected programming device, for example a control panel, a host computer or a portable terminal
[IEV ref 351-32-34]FR
automate programmable à mémoire
См. также:
équipement ou système de commande assisté par ordinateur dont la séquence logique peut être modifiée directement ou par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif de programmation relié à une télécommande, par exemple un panneau de commande, un ordinateur hôte ou un terminal de données portatif
[IEV ref 351-32-34]
- архитектура контроллера;
- производительность контроллера;
- время реакции контроллера;
КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ
Основным показателем ПЛК является количество каналов ввода-вывода. По этому признаку ПЛК делятся на следующие группы:- нано- ПЛК (менее 16 каналов);
- микро-ПЛК (более 16, до 100 каналов);
- средние (более 100, до 500 каналов);
- большие (более 500 каналов).
- моноблочными - в которых устройство ввода-вывода не может быть удалено из контроллера или заменено на другое. Конструктивно контроллер представляет собой единое целое с устройствами ввода-вывода (например, одноплатный контроллер). Моноблочный контроллер может иметь, например, 16 каналов дискретного ввода и 8 каналов релейного вывода;
- модульные - состоящие из общей корзины (шасси), в которой располагаются модуль центрального процессора и сменные модули ввода-вывода. Состав модулей выбирается пользователем в зависимости от решаемой задачи. Типовое количество слотов для сменных модулей - от 8 до 32;
- распределенные (с удаленными модулями ввода-вывода) - в которых модули ввода-вывода выполнены в отдельных корпусах, соединяются с модулем контроллера по сети (обычно на основе интерфейса RS-485) и могут быть расположены на расстоянии до 1,2 км от процессорного модуля.
Многие контроллеры имеют набор сменных процессорных плат разной производительности. Это позволяет расширить круг потенциальных пользователей системы без изменения ее конструктива.
По конструктивному исполнению и способу крепления контроллеры делятся на:- панельные (для монтажа на панель или дверцу шкафа);
- для монтажа на DIN-рейку внутри шкафа;
- для крепления на стене;
- стоечные - для монтажа в стойке;
- бескорпусные (обычно одноплатные) для применения в специализированных конструктивах производителей оборудования (OEM - "Original Equipment Manufact urer").
По области применения контроллеры делятся на следующие типы:- универсальные общепромышленные;
- для управления роботами;
- для управления позиционированием и перемещением;
- коммуникационные;
- ПИД-контроллеры;
- специализированные.
По способу программирования контроллеры бывают:- программируемые с лицевой панели контроллера;
- программируемые переносным программатором;
- программируемые с помощью дисплея, мыши и клавиатуры;
- программируемые с помощью персонального компьютера.
Контроллеры могут программироваться на следующих языках:- на классических алгоритмических языках (C, С#, Visual Basic);
- на языках МЭК 61131-3.
Контроллеры могут содержать в своем составе модули ввода-вывода или не содержать их. Примерами контроллеров без модулей ввода-вывода являются коммуникационные контроллеры, которые выполняют функцию межсетевого шлюза, или контроллеры, получающие данные от контроллеров нижнего уровня иерархии АСУ ТП. Контроллеры для систем автоматизации
Слово "контроллер" произошло от английского "control" (управление), а не от русского "контроль" (учет, проверка). Контроллером в системах автоматизации называют устройство, выполняющее управление физическими процессами по записанному в него алгоритму, с использованием информации, получаемой от датчиков и выводимой в исполнительные устройства.
Первые контроллеры появились на рубеже 60-х и 70-х годов в автомобильной промышленности, где использовались для автоматизации сборочных линий. В то время компьютеры стоили чрезвычайно дорого, поэтому контроллеры строились на жесткой логике (программировались аппаратно), что было гораздо дешевле. Однако перенастройка с одной технологической линии на другую требовала фактически изготовления нового контроллера. Поэтому появились контроллеры, алгоритм работы которых мог быть изменен несколько проще - с помощью схемы соединений реле. Такие контроллеры получили название программируемых логических контроллеров (ПЛК), и этот термин сохранился до настоящего времени. Везде ниже термины "контроллер" и "ПЛК" мы будем употреблять как синонимы.
Немного позже появились ПЛК, которые можно было программировать на машинно-ориентированном языке, что было проще конструктивно, но требовало участия специально обученного программиста для внесения даже незначительных изменений в алгоритм управления. С этого момента началась борьба за упрощение процесса программирования ПЛК, которая привела сначала к созданию языков высокого уровня, затем - специализированных языков визуального программирования, похожих на язык релейной логики. В настоящее время этот процесс завершился созданием международного стандарта IEC (МЭК) 1131-3, который позже был переименован в МЭК 61131-3. Стандарт МЭК 61131-3 поддерживает пять языков технологического программирования, что исключает необходимость привлечения профессиональных программистов при построении систем с контроллерами, оставляя для них решение нестандартных задач.
В связи с тем, что способ программирования является наиболее существенным классифицирующим признаком контроллера, понятие "ПЛК" все реже используется для обозначения управляющих контроллеров, которые не поддерживают технологические языки программирования. Жесткие ограничения на стоимость и огромное разнообразие целей автоматизации привели к невозможности создания универсального ПЛК, как это случилось с офисными компьютерами. Область автоматизации выдвигает множество задач, в соответствии с которыми развивается и рынок, содержащий сотни непохожих друг на друга контроллеров, различающихся десятками параметров.
Выбор оптимального для конкретной задачи контроллера основывается обычно на соответствии функциональных характеристик контроллера решаемой задаче при условии минимальной его стоимости. Учитываются также другие важные характеристики (температурный диапазон, надежность, бренд изготовителя, наличие разрешений Ростехнадзора, сертификатов и т. п.).
Несмотря на огромное разнообразие контроллеров, в их развитии заметны следующие общие тенденции:- уменьшение габаритов;
- расширение функциональных возможностей;
- увеличение количества поддерживаемых интерфейсов и сетей;
- использование идеологии "открытых систем";
- использование языков программирования стандарта МЭК 61131-3;
- снижение цены.
[ http://bookasutp.ru/Chapter6_1.aspx]
Программируемый логический контроллер (ПЛК, PLC) – микропроцессорное устройство, предназначенное для управления технологическим процессом и другими сложными технологическими объектами.
Принцип работы контроллера состоит в выполнение следующего цикла операций:
1. Сбор сигналов с датчиков;
2. Обработка сигналов согласно прикладному алгоритму управления;
3. Выдача управляющих воздействий на исполнительные устройства.
В нормальном режиме работы контроллер непрерывно выполняет этот цикл с частотой от 50 раз в секунду. Время, затрачиваемое контроллером на выполнение полного цикла, часто называют временем (или периодом) сканирования; в большинстве современных ПЛК сканирование может настраиваться пользователем в диапазоне от 20 до 30000 миллисекунд. Для быстрых технологических процессов, где критична скорость реакции системы и требуется оперативное регулирование, время сканирования может составлять 20 мс, однако для большинства непрерывных процессов период 100 мс считается вполне приемлемым.
Аппаратно контроллеры имеют модульную архитектуру и могут состоять из следующих компонентов:
1. Базовая панель ( Baseplate). Она служит для размещения на ней других модулей системы, устанавливаемых в специально отведенные позиции (слоты). Внутри базовой панели проходят две шины: одна - для подачи питания на электронные модули, другая – для пересылки данных и информационного обмена между модулями.
2. Модуль центрального вычислительного устройства ( СPU). Это мозг системы. Собственно в нем и происходит математическая обработка данных. Для связи с другими устройствами CPU часто оснащается сетевым интерфейсом, поддерживающим тот или иной коммуникационный стандарт.
3. Дополнительные коммуникационные модули. Необходимы для добавления сетевых интерфейсов, неподдерживаемых напрямую самим CPU. Коммуникационные модули существенно расширяют возможности ПЛК по сетевому взаимодействию. C их помощью к контроллеру подключают узлы распределенного ввода/вывода, интеллектуальные полевые приборы и станции операторского уровня.
4. Блок питания. Нужен для запитки системы от 220 V. Однако многие ПЛК не имеют стандартного блока питания и запитываются от внешнего.Рис.1. Контроллер РСУ с коммуникациями Profibus и Ethernet.
Иногда на базовую панель, помимо указанных выше, допускается устанавливать модули ввода/вывода полевых сигналов, которые образуют так называемый локальный ввод/вывод. Однако для большинства РСУ (DCS) характерно использование именно распределенного (удаленного) ввода/вывода.
Отличительной особенностью контроллеров, применяемых в DCS, является возможность их резервирования. Резервирование нужно для повышения отказоустойчивости системы и заключается, как правило, в дублировании аппаратных модулей системы.Рис. 2. Резервированный контроллер с коммуникациями Profibus и Ethernet.
Резервируемые модули работают параллельно и выполняют одни и те же функции. При этом один модуль находится в активном состоянии, а другой, являясь резервом, – в режиме “standby”. В случае отказа активного модуля, система автоматически переключается на резерв (это называется “горячий резерв”).
Обратите внимание, контроллеры связаны шиной синхронизации, по которой они мониторят состояние друг друга. Это решение позволяет разнести резервированные модули на значительное расстояние друг от друга (например, расположить их в разных шкафах или даже аппаратных).
Допустим, в данный момент активен левый контроллер, правый – находится в резерве. При этом, даже находясь в резерве, правый контроллер располагает всеми процессными данными и выполняет те же самые математические операции, что и левый. Контроллеры синхронизированы. Предположим, случается отказ левого контроллера, а именно модуля CPU. Управление автоматически передается резервному контроллеру, и теперь он становится главным. Здесь очень большое значение имеют время, которое система тратит на переключение на резерв (обычно меньше 0.5 с) и отсутствие возмущений (удара). Теперь система работает на резерве. Как только инженер заменит отказавший модуль CPU на исправный, система автоматически передаст ему управление и возвратится в исходное состояние.
На рис. 3 изображен резервированный контроллер S7-400H производства Siemens. Данный контроллер входит в состав РСУ Simatic PCS7.Рис. 3. Резервированный контроллер S7-400H. Несколько другое техническое решение показано на примере резервированного контроллера FCP270 производства Foxboro (рис. 4). Данный контроллер входит в состав системы управления Foxboro IA Series.Рис. 4. Резервированный контроллер FCP270.
На базовой панели инсталлировано два процессорных модуля, работающих как резервированная пара, и коммуникационный модуль для сопряжения с оптическими сетями стандарта Ethernet. Взаимодействие между модулями происходит по внутренней шине (тоже резервированной), спрятанной непосредственно в базовую панель (ее не видно на рисунке).
На рисунке ниже показан контроллер AC800M производства ABB (часть РСУ Extended Automation System 800xA).Рис. 5. Контроллер AC800M.
Это не резервированный вариант. Контроллер состоит из двух коммуникационных модулей, одного СPU и одного локального модуля ввода/вывода. Кроме этого, к контроллеру можно подключить до 64 внешних модулей ввода/вывода.
При построении РСУ важно выбрать контроллер, удовлетворяющий всем техническим условиям и требованиям конкретного производства. Подбирая оптимальную конфигурацию, инженеры оперируют определенными техническими характеристиками промышленных контроллеров. Наиболее значимые перечислены ниже:
1. Возможность полного резервирования. Для задач, где отказоустойчивость критична (химия, нефтехимия, металлургия и т.д.), применение резервированных конфигураций вполне оправдано, тогда как для других менее ответственных производств резервирование зачастую оказывается избыточным решением.
2. Количество и тип поддерживаемых коммуникационных интерфейсов. Это определяет гибкость и масштабируемость системы управления в целом. Современные контроллеры способны поддерживать до 10 стандартов передачи данных одновременно, что во многом определяет их универсальность.
3. Быстродействие. Измеряется, как правило, в количестве выполняемых в секунду элементарных операций (до 200 млн.). Иногда быстродействие измеряется количеством обрабатываемых за секунду функциональных блоков (что такое функциональный блок – будет рассказано в следующей статье). Быстродействие зависит от типа центрального процессора (популярные производители - Intel, AMD, Motorola, Texas Instruments и т.д.)
4. Объем оперативной памяти. Во время работы контроллера в его оперативную память загружены запрограммированные пользователем алгоритмы автоматизированного управления, операционная система, библиотечные модули и т.д. Очевидно, чем больше оперативной памяти, тем сложнее и объемнее алгоритмы контроллер может выполнять, тем больше простора для творчества у программиста. Варьируется от 256 килобайт до 32 мегабайт.
5. Надежность. Наработка на отказ до 10-12 лет.
6. Наличие специализированных средств разработки и поддержка различных языков программирования. Очевидно, что существование специализированный среды разработки прикладных программ – это стандарт для современного контроллера АСУ ТП. Для удобства программиста реализуется поддержка сразу нескольких языков как визуального, так и текстового (процедурного) программирования (FBD, SFC, IL, LAD, ST; об этом в следующей статье).
7. Возможность изменения алгоритмов управления на “лету” (online changes), т.е. без остановки работы контроллера. Для большинства контроллеров, применяемых в РСУ, поддержка online changes жизненно необходима, так как позволяет тонко настраивать систему или расширять ее функционал прямо на работающем производстве.
8. Возможность локального ввода/вывода. Как видно из рис. 4 контроллер Foxboro FCP270 рассчитан на работу только с удаленной подсистемой ввода/вывода, подключаемой к нему по оптическим каналам. Simatic S7-400 может спокойно работать как с локальными модулями ввода/вывода (свободные слоты на базовой панели есть), так и удаленными узлами.
9. Вес, габаритные размеры, вид монтажа (на DIN-рейку, на монтажную панель или в стойку 19”). Важно учитывать при проектировании и сборке системных шкафов.
10. Условия эксплуатации (температура, влажность, механические нагрузки). Большинство промышленных контроллеров могут работать в нечеловеческих условиях от 0 до 65 °С и при влажности до 95-98%.
[ http://kazanets.narod.ru/PLC_PART1.htm]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung, f
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > automate programmable à mémoire
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